SEC Filing | Otonomo Technologies Ltd.

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F-1

Table of Contents

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 27, 2021

Registration No. 333-

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM

F-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

OTONOMO TECHNOLOGIES LTD.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)


State of Israel	7372	Not Applicable
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Otonomo Technologies Ltd.

16 Abba Eban Blvd.

Herzliya Pituach 467256, Israel

+(972)

52-432-9955

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

Cogency Global Inc.

122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor

New York, NY 10168

(800) 221-0102

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:


Ryan J. Maierson John M. Greer Latham & Watkins LLP 811 Main Street, Suite 3700 Houston, Texas 77002 Tel: (713) 546-5400		Joshua G. Kiernan Latham & Watkins LLP 99 Bishopsgate London EC2M 3XF United Kingdom Tel: (+44) (20) 7710-1000		Amir Raz Perry Wildes Gross & Co. One Azrieli Center Tel Aviv 6701101, Israel Tel: +972 (3) 607-4444

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after the effectiveness of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☒

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this form is a

post-effective

amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this form is a

post-effective

amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933. Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE



Title of Each Class of Securities to be Registered	Amount to be Registered (1)	Proposed Maximum Offering Price Per Share	Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price	Amount of Registration Fee
Primary Offering:
Ordinary Shares, no par value per share (2)	13,825,000	$11.50 (7)	$158,987,500.00	$17,345.54
Secondary Offering:
Ordinary Shares, no par value per share (3)	92,071,690 (3)	$6.26 (6)	$576,368,779.40	$62,881.83
Warrants to purchase ordinary shares (4)	5,200,000	—	—	—
Ordinary Shares, no par value per share (5)	5,200,000 (3)	$6.26 (6)	$32,552,000.00	$3,551.42
Total			$767,908,279.40	$83,778.79

(1)

Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”), this registration statement also covers an indeterminate number of additional ordinary shares as may be issuable with respect to the shares being registered for resale hereunder as a result of a stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization or similar event.

(2)

Represents (a) 8,625,000 ordinary shares, no par value per share (“ordinary shares”), of Otonomo Technologies Ltd., a company organized under the laws of the State of Israel (“Otonomo,” “we” or the “Company”), issuable upon the exercise of warrants of the Company (“warrants”) that were issued in exchange for the public warrants of Software Acquisition Group Inc. II, a Delaware corporation (“SWAG”) (the “public warrants”), at the closing of the Business Combination (as defined herein), and (b) 5,200,000 ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of the Company’s warrants that were issued in exchange for the private warrants of SWAG (the “private warrants”) at the closing of the Business Combination.

(3)	Represents ordinary shares offered by the selling securityholders identified in this registration statement.

(4)	Represents warrants offered by the selling securityholders identified in this registration statement. In accordance with Rule 457(g), the entire registration fee for the warrants is allocated to the ordinary shares underlying the warrants, and no separate fee is payable for the warrants.

(5)	Represents ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of warrants of certain selling securityholders in this registration statement.

(6)	Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee in accordance with Rule 457(c) under the Securities Act, based on the average of the high and low prices of the registrant’s ordinary shares reported on August 20, 2021, which was $6.26 per share.

(7)	The price per share is based upon the exercise price per warrant of $11.50 per share.

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until this Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

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The information contained in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED AUGUST 27, 2021

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

OTONOMO TECHNOLOGIES LTD.

PRIMARY OFFERING OF

13,825,000 ORDINARY SHARES

SECONDARY OFFERING OF

92,071,690 ORDINARY SHARES,

5,200,000 WARRANTS TO PURCHASE ORDINARY SHARES AND

5,200,000 ORDINARY SHARES UNDERLYING WARRANTS

OTONOMO TECHNOLOGIES LTD.

This prospectus relates to the issuance from time to time by Otonomo Technologies Ltd., a company organized under the laws of the State of Israel (“we,” “our,” the “Company” or “Otonomo”) of up to 13,825,000 ordinary shares, no par value per share (the “ordinary shares”), including (a) 8,625,000 ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of warrants of the Company (“warrants”) that were issued in exchange for the public warrants of Software Acquisition Group Inc. II, a Delaware corporation (“SWAG”) (the “public warrants”), at the closing of the Business Combination (as defined herein), and (b) 5,200,000 ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of the warrants that were issued in exchange for the private warrants of SWAG (the “private warrants”) at the closing of the Business Combination.

This prospectus also relates to the resale, from time to time, by the selling securityholders named herein (the “Selling Securityholders”), or their pledgees, donees, transferees, or other successors in interest, of (a) up to 92,071,690 ordinary shares, (b) up to 5,200,000 warrants and (c) up to 5,200,000 ordinary shares issuable upon exercises of warrants we issued to certain of the Selling Securityholders, as described below.

Each warrant entitles the holder to purchase one ordinary share at an exercise price of $11.50 per share commencing on September 12, 2021 and will expire on August 13, 2026, at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, or earlier upon redemption of the warrants or liquidation of the Company. We may redeem the outstanding public warrants at a price of $0.01 per warrant if the last reported sales price of our ordinary shares equals or exceeds $18.00 per ordinary share (subject to adjustment in accordance with the terms of the warrants) for any 20 trading days within a

30-trading

day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which we send the notice of redemption to the warrant holders, as described herein. The private warrants have terms and provisions that are identical to those of the public warrants, except as described herein.

We are registering these securities for resale by the Selling Securityholders named in this prospectus, or their transferees, pledgees, donees or assignees or other

successors-in-interest

that receive any of the shares as a gift, distribution, or other

non-sale

related transfer.

We are registering the offer and sale of these securities to satisfy certain registration rights we have granted. The Selling Securityholders may offer and sell any of the securities from time to time at fixed prices, at market prices or at negotiated prices, and may engage a broker, dealer or underwriter to sell the securities. In connection with any sales of securities offered hereunder, the Selling Securityholders, any underwriters, agents, brokers or dealers participating in such sales may be deemed to be “underwriters” within the meaning of the Securities Act. For additional information on the possible methods of sale that may be used by the Selling Securityholders, you should refer to the section entitled “

Plan of Distribution

” elsewhere in this prospectus. We do not know when or in what amounts the Selling Securityholders may offer the securities for sale. The Selling Securityholders may sell any, all or none of the securities offered by this prospectus.

All of the ordinary shares and warrants (including ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of such warrants) offered by the Selling Securityholders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Securityholders for their respective accounts. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of any securities by the Selling Securityholders. We will receive up to an aggregate of $159.0 million from the exercise of the warrants, assuming the exercise in full of all the warrants for cash. If the warrants are exercised pursuant to a cashless exercise feature, we will not receive any cash from these exercises. We expect to use the net proceeds from the exercise of the warrants, if any, for general corporate purposes.

We will pay certain expenses associated with the registration of the securities covered by this prospectus, as described in the section entitled “

Plan of Distribution

.”

Our ordinary shares and warrants are listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the trading symbols “OTMO” and “OTMOW,” respectively. On August 26, 2021, the closing prices for our ordinary shares and warrants on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC were $6.88 per ordinary share and $1.06 per warrant.

We may amend or supplement this prospectus from time to time by filing amendments or supplements as required. You should read this entire prospectus and any amendments or supplements carefully before you make your investment decision.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or JOBS Act, and are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See “

Risk Factors

” beginning on page 7 of this prospectus and other risk factors contained in the documents incorporated by reference herein for a discussion of information that should be considered in connection with an investment in our securities.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Israeli Securities Authority nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is .

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TABLE OF CONTENTS


	Page
FREQUENTLY USED TERMS		ii
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		iii
SUMMARY OF THE PROSPECTUS		1
THE OFFERING		5
RISK FACTORS		7
USE OF PROCEEDS		35
MARKET PRICE OF OUR SECURITIES		36
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION		37
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS		47
BUSINESS		60
MANAGEMENT		72
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES		82
BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES		94
ORDINARY SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE		97
SELLING SECURITYHOLDERS		99
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PERSON TRANSACTIONS		108
CERTAIN MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS		112
CERTAIN MATERIAL ISRAELI TAX CONSIDERATIONS		121
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION		128
LEGAL MATTERS		131
EXPERTS		131
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION		131
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		F-1

No one has been authorized to provide you with information that is different from that contained in this prospectus. This prospectus is dated as of the date set forth on the cover hereof. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than that date

For investors outside the United States: We have not done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. You are required to inform yourselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus.

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FREQUENTLY USED TERMS

Unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Company,” “the registrant,” “our company,” “the company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “ours,” and “Otonomo” refer to Otonomo Technologies Ltd., a company organized under the laws of the State of Israel. In this prospectus:

“

Class

A Stock

” means each share of Class A Common Stock of SWAG, par value of $0.0001 per share, outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time to be exchanged for one Otonomo ordinary share.

“

Class

B Stock

” means each share of Class B Common Stock of SWAG, par value of $0.0001 per share, outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time to be exchanged for one Otonomo ordinary share.

“

Closing

” means the closing of the Transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

“

Effective Time

” means the effective time of the Business Combination.

“

Exchange Act

” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

“

Founder Shares

” means the 4,312,500 shares of Class B Stock held by the Sponsor, which were acquired for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000 prior to the SWAG IPO.

“

GAAP

” means accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

“

Law

” means any federal, state, local, foreign, national or supranational statute, law (including common law), act, statute, ordinance, treaty, rule, code, regulation, order, judgment, injunction, ruling, award, decree, writ or other binding directive or guidance issued, promulgated or enforced by a governmental entity having jurisdiction over a given matter. Unless explicitly stated herein, “Law” does not include

COVID-19

Measures.

“

Otonomo Articles

” means the amended and restated articles of association of Otonomo Technologies Ltd.

“

Otonomo preferred shares

” means, collectively, the Series Seed preferred shares of Otonomo, no par value (“Series Seed Preferred Shares”), series A preferred shares of Otonomo, no par value (“Series A Preferred Shares”), series B preferred shares of Otonomo, no par value (“Series B Preferred Shares”), series C preferred shares of Otonomo, no par value (“Series C Preferred Shares”) and series

C-1

preferred shares of Otonomo, no par value (“Series

C-1

Preferred Shares”).

“

PCAOB

” means the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.

“

Securities Act

” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

“

Sponsor

” means Software Acquisition Holdings II LLC, a Delaware limited liability company.

“

Subscription Agreements

” means the subscription agreements entered into by the PIPE Investors providing for the purchase by the PIPE Investors at the Effective Time of an aggregate of 14,250,000 PIPE Shares at a price per share of $10.00.

“

SWAG IPO

” means the initial public offering of SWAG, which was consummated on September 17, 2020.

“

units

” means the 15,000,000 units sold as part of the SWAG IPO and the 2,250,000 units sold to the underwriter following the exercise of its over-allotment option, each consisting of one share of Class A Stock and

one-half

of one redeemable SWAG warrant.

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this prospectus, including statements regarding Otonomo’s future financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “believe,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “expect,” “predict,” “potential” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, Otonomo’s expectations concerning the outlook for its business, productivity, plans and goals for future operational improvements and capital investments, operational performance, future market conditions or economic performance and developments in the capital and credit markets and expected future financial performance, as well as any information concerning possible or assumed future results of operations of Otonomo as set forth in this prospectus.

Forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and actual results or events may differ materially from those projected or implied in those statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

•

Otonomo has a limited operating history and may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability or accurately predict its future results;

•

Otonomo has a history of losses and expects to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future;

•

Otonomo expects to invest substantially in research and development for the purpose of developing and commercializing new services, and these investments could significantly reduce its profitability or increase its losses and may not generate revenue for Otonomo;

•

If Otonomo does not develop enhancements to its services and introduce new services that achieve market acceptance, its growth, business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected;

•

If Otonomo is unsuccessful at investing in growth opportunities, its business could be materially and adversely affected;

•

Otonomo may need to raise additional funds in the future in order to execute its business plan and these funds may not be available to Otonomo when it needs them. If Otonomo cannot raise additional funds when it needs them, its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be negatively affected;

•

Otonomo has experienced rapid growth, and if Otonomo fails to effectively manage its growth, then its business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected;

•

Otonomo relies, in part, on partnerships to grow its business. The partnerships may not produce the expected financial or operating results Otonomo expects. In addition, if Otonomo is unable to enter into partnerships or successfully maintain them, its growth may be adversely impacted;

•

Otonomo’s business depends on expanding its base of data consumers and data consumers increasing their use of its services, and its inability to expand its base of data consumers or any loss of data consumers or decline in their use of its services could materially and adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition;

•

If Otonomo fails to adapt and respond effectively to rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, changing regulations, and changing customer needs, requirements or preferences, its products may become less competitive;

•

The market for Otonomo’s services and platform is new and unproven, may decline or experience limited growth and is dependent in part on consumers continuing to adopt its platform and use its services;

iii

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•

Otonomo relies on the ability to access data from external providers at reasonable terms and prices. Otonomo’s data providers might restrict its use of or refuse to license data, which could lead to its inability to access certain data or provide certain services and, as a result, materially and adversely affect its operating results and financial condition;

•

If Otonomo is unable to expand its relationships with existing OEMs and vehicle fleet operators and add new OEMs and vehicle fleet operators and data providers, its business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected; and

•

The other matters described in the section titled “

Risk Factors

” beginning on page 7.

Otonomo cautions you against placing undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which reflect current beliefs and are based on information currently available as of the date a forward-looking statement is made. Forward-looking statements set forth herein speak only as of the date of this prospectus. Otonomo does not undertake any obligation to revise forward-looking statements to reflect future events, changes in circumstances, or changes in beliefs. In the event that any forward-looking statement is updated, no inference should be made that Otonomo will make additional updates with respect to that statement, related matters, or any other forward-looking statements. Any corrections or revisions and other important assumptions and factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from forward-looking statements, including discussions of significant risk factors, may appear in Otonomo’s public filings with the SEC, which are accessible at www.sec.gov, and which you are advised to consult. For additional information, please see the section titled “

Where You Can Find More Information

” beginning on page 13

Market, ranking and industry data used throughout this prospectus, including statements regarding market size and technology adoption rates, is based on the good faith estimates of Otonomo’s management, which in turn are based upon Otonomo’s management’s review of internal surveys, independent industry surveys and publications, and other third party research and publicly available information. These data involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. While Otonomo is not aware of any misstatements regarding the industry data presented herein, its estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “

Risk Factors

” and “

Management

’

s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

” in this prospectus.

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SUMMARY OF THE PROSPECTUS

This summary highlights selected information from this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that is important to you in making an investment decision. This summary is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed information included in this prospectus. Before making your investment decision with respect to our securities, you should carefully read this entire prospectus, including the information under “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and the financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Overview

Otonomo is a leading

one-stop

shop for vehicle data. Since its founding in 2015, Otonomo has built a Vehicle Data Platform (the “Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform”) and marketplace that fuels an ecosystem powered by data from 19 vehicle manufacturer (OEM) agreements, fleets, and other data providers, and enables the licensing of data to approximately 145 service providers. The platform securely ingests over 4.3 billion data points per day from over 40 million connected vehicles worldwide and then reshapes and enriches the data in order to accelerate the time to market for new services that improve the

in-and-around

car experience. Otonomo’s platform provides OEMs the opportunity to create new revenue streams and facilitates an open ecosystem of services around the vehicle. This enables the utilization of vast amounts of data that vehicles generate daily and that OEMs store and maintain.

As part of its proprietary data platform, Otonomo has developed a robust suite of

software-as-a-service

(“SaaS”) offerings that provide both OEMs and service providers with additional capabilities, and that incorporate vertically specific applications to meet different privacy, regulation, storage, visualization and data insight needs.

Privacy by design and neutrality are at the core of Otonomo’s platform, which enables compliance with regulations such as GDPR, CCPA, and other vehicle specific regulations, such as the EU requirement/directive that OEMs share connected car data with third parties or the Massachusetts’ Right to Repair Act allowing access to vehicle data for maintenance and repair purposes.

The Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform is utilized by organizations and businesses across diverse areas, including, but not limited to smart cities, transportation companies, fleet services, insurance companies, financial institutions and dealerships. Otonomo’s headquarters and research and development center are based in Herzliya, Israel. Otonomo delivers near-real-time and historical data, accelerates time to market and paves the way for new applications and services that make transportation safer, more convenient and truly rewarding.

Recent Developments

Consummation of the Business Combination

On January 31, 2021, we entered into that certain Business Combination Agreement with Software Acquisition Group Inc. II (“SWAG”) and Butterbur Merger Sub Inc. (“Merger Sub”) (the “Business Combination Agreement”). Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into SWAG, with SWAG surviving the merger (the “Business Combination”). On August 13, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), upon the consummation of the Business Combination and the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement (the “Transactions”), SWAG became a wholly owned subsidiary of Otonomo.

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Concurrently with the execution of the Business Combination Agreement, Otonomo and certain accredited investors (the “PIPE Investors”) entered into a series of subscription agreements (“Subscription Agreements”). On the Closing Date, the PIPE Investors purchased an aggregate of 14,250,000 ordinary shares (“PIPE Shares”) at a price per share of $10.00 for gross proceeds to Otonomo of $142,500,000 (collectively, the “PIPE Investment”).

In addition, concurrently with the execution of the Business Combination Agreement, Otonomo, certain Otonomo shareholders (the “Selling Shareholders”) and certain accredited investors (the “Secondary PIPE Investors”) entered into a share purchase agreement (“Share Purchase Agreement”). On the Closing Date, providing the Secondary PIPE Investors purchased an aggregate of 3,000,000 ordinary shares (“Secondary PIPE Shares”) from the Selling Shareholders at a price per share of $10.00 for gross proceeds to the Selling Shareholders of $30,000,000 (collectively, the “Secondary PIPE”).

Partnership and Collaboration Announcements

During June, July and August 2021, Otonomo announced several new partnerships and other collaborations to make automotive data available through the Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform. These partnerships and collaborations include (i) a collaboration with Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) to accelerate vehicle data-based innovation through the integration of the Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform with AWS’s Connection Mobility Solution, (ii) an agreement with

Mercedes-Benz

Connectivity Services, a subsidiary of

Mercedes-Benz

AG, to make available fleet data across 25 countries throughout Europe to fleet management companies, (iii) a partnership with WeatherOptics to provide ground-truth vehicle data to verify and predict the impact of weather on shipment delays, and (iv) a partnership with OBI+ provide access to multi-layered OEM vehicle data from the Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform.

Financial and Operational Update

Otonomo’s revenue for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 increased by over 400% as compared to revenue for the quarter ended March 31, 2020. The increase in revenue was due primarily to new customers, including three new fleet agreements since February 2021 that increased the number of Otonomo’s onboarded fleet vehicles by 500%.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

We qualify as an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we are deemed an emerging growth company, we are permitted to and intend to take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other regulatory requirements that are generally unavailable to other public companies, including:

•

an exemption from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of our internal controls over financial reporting required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; and

•

an exemption from compliance with any new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about our audit and our financial statements.

We may take advantage of these provisions until the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of our common equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. However, if certain events occur prior to the end of such five year period, including if we become a “large accelerated filer,” our annual gross

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revenues exceed $1.07 billion or we issue more than $1.0 billion of

non-convertible

debt in any three-year period, we will cease to be an emerging growth company prior to the end of such five-year period. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards.

This means that an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to delay such adoption of new or revised accounting standards. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the public company effective date.

Implications of Being a Foreign Private Issuer

We are subject to the information reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, that are applicable to “foreign private issuers,” and under those requirements we file reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. As a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to the same requirements that are imposed upon U.S. domestic issuers by the SEC. Under the Exchange Act, we are subject to reporting obligations that, in certain respects, are less detailed and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. For example, we are not required to issue quarterly reports, proxy statements that comply with the requirements applicable to U.S. domestic reporting companies, or individual executive compensation information that is as detailed as that required of U.S. domestic reporting companies. We also have four months after the end of each fiscal year to file our annual reports with the SEC and are not required to file current reports as frequently or promptly as U.S. domestic reporting companies. Furthermore, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the requirements to report transactions in our equity securities and from the short-swing profit liability provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. As a foreign private issuer, we are also not subject to the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act. These exemptions and leniencies reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections available to you in comparison to those applicable to shareholders of U.S. domestic reporting companies. We intend to continue to take advantage of the exemptions available to us as a foreign private issuer during and after the period we qualify as an emerging growth company.

Our Corporate Information

We were incorporated in the state of Israel on December 8, 2015 under the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999 (the “Companies Law”), and our principal executive office is located at 6 Abba Eban Blvd., Herzliya Pituach 467256, Israel. Our legal and commercial name is Otonomo Technologies Ltd. We are registered with the Israeli Registrar of Companies. Our registration number is

51-53528-13.

Our website address is www.otonomo.io, and our telephone number is +(972)

52-432-9955.

Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this Annual Report and is not incorporated by reference herein. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely for informational purposes. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, such as we, that file electronically, with the SEC at www.sec.gov. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10168.

Summary Risk Factors

Investing in our securities involves risks. You should carefully consider all of the information contained in this prospectus, including the risks described in “

Risk Factors

,” before making a decision to invest in our securities. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations would

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likely be materially adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of our securities would likely decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Set forth below is a summary of some of the principal risks we face:

•

Otonomo has a limited operating history and may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability or accurately predict its future results;

•

Otonomo has a history of losses and expects to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future;

•

Otonomo expects to invest substantially in research and development (“R&D”) for the purpose of developing and commercializing new services, and these investments could significantly reduce its profitability or increase its losses and may not generate revenue for Otonomo;

•

If Otonomo is unsuccessful at investing in growth opportunities, its business could be materially and adversely affected;

•

Otonomo has experienced rapid growth, and if Otonomo fails to effectively manage its growth, then its business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected;

•

Otonomo relies on the ability to access data from external providers at reasonable terms and prices. Otonomo’s data providers might restrict its use of, or refuse to license, data, which could lead to its inability to access certain data or provide certain services and, as a result, materially and adversely affect its operating results and financial condition;

•

The other matters described in the section titled “

Risk Factors

” beginning on page 7;

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THE OFFERING

Ordinary shares issuable by us upon exercise of the warrants

13,825,000 ordinary shares.

Securities that may be offered and sold from time to time by the Selling Securityholders

Up to 92,071,690 ordinary shares, up to 5,200,000 warrants and up to 5,200,000 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants.

Terms of warrants

Each warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one ordinary share at a price of $11.50 per share. Our warrants expire on August 13, 2026 at 5:00 p.m., New York City time.

Offering prices

The securities offered by this prospectus may be offered and sold at prevailing market prices, privately negotiated prices or such other prices as the Selling Securityholders may determine. See “

Plan of Distribution

.”

Ordinary shares issued and outstanding prior to any exercise of warrants

125,634,136 ordinary shares (as of August 13, 2021).

Warrants issued and outstanding

13,825,000 warrants (as of August 13, 2021).

Ordinary shares to be issued and outstanding assuming exercise of all warrants

139,459,136 ordinary shares (as of August 13, 2021).

Use of proceeds

We will receive up to an aggregate of $159.0 million from the exercise of the warrants, assuming the exercise in full of all of the warrants for cash. If the warrants are exercised pursuant to a cashless exercise feature, we will not receive any cash from these exercises. We expect to use the net proceeds from the exercise of the warrants, if any, for general corporate purposes. Our management will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from the exercise of the warrants. See “

Use of Proceeds

.”

All of the ordinary shares and warrants (including shares issuable upon the exercise of such warrants) offered by the Selling Securityholders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Securityholders for their respective accounts. We will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our ordinary shares. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Any further determination to pay dividends on our ordinary shares would be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and would depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

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Market for our ordinary shares and warrants

Our ordinary shares and warrants are listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) under the trading symbols “OTMO” and “OTMOW,” respectively.

Risk factors

Prospective investors should carefully consider the “

Risk Factors

” beginning on page 7 herein for a discussion of certain factors that should be considered before buying the securities offered hereby.

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RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below before making an investment decision. Our business, prospects, financial condition, or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not known to us or that we consider immaterial as of the date of this prospectus. The trading price of our securities could decline due to any of these risks, and, as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Otonomo’s Business and Industry

Otonomo has a limited operating history and may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability or accurately predict its future results.

Otonomo has been focused on developing a platform to provide vehicle data services since its formation in 2015. Otonomo’s limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate its current business and future prospects and may increase the risk of its investment. Further, because Otonomo has limited historical financial data and operates in a rapidly evolving market, any predictions about its future revenue and expenses may not be as accurate as they would be if it had a longer operating history or operated in a more predictable market.

Otonomo’s losses in prior periods and accumulated deficit reflect the investments it has made to date to grow its business. Otonomo expects to have significant operating expenses in the future to further support and grow its business, including expanding the range of integrations between its platform and third-party applications and platforms, expanding its direct and indirect sales capabilities, investing in its infrastructure and R&D, and as a result it may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability or accurately predict its future results. You should not consider Otonomo’s recent growth in revenue as indicative of its future performance. Otonomo cannot assure you that it will achieve profitability in the future, or that if Otonomo does become profitable, that Otonomo will sustain profitability.

If Otonomo fails to address the risks and difficulties that it faces, including those described elsewhere in this “

Risk Factors

” section, its business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Otonomo has encountered in the past, and will encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies with limited operating histories in rapidly changing industries. If Otonomo’s assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which it uses to plan and operate its business, are incorrect or change, or if it does not address these risks successfully, its results of operations could differ materially from its expectations and its business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Otonomo has a limited operating history with a history of losses and expects to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future.

Otonomo has incurred net losses on an annual basis since its inception. Otonomo incurred net losses of approximately $19.1 million and $20.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020 respectively. Otonomo believes that it will continue to incur operating and net losses each quarter for the foreseeable future.

Otonomo expects to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on, among other things:

•

investments in its engineering team, the development of new products, features and functionality and enhancements to its platform;

•

expansion of its operations and infrastructure;

•

increases in its investment in research and development;

•

increases in its sales and marketing activities and expanding its sales force to cover additional geographies, including outside the U.S.; and

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•

general administration, including legal, accounting and other expenses related to being a public company.

These investments may not result in increased revenue or growth of its business. Otonomo also expects that its revenue growth rate will decline over time. Accordingly, Otonomo may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to offset its expected cost increases, and achieve and sustain profitability. If Otonomo fails to achieve and sustain profitability, then its business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Otonomo’s future growth depends on its ability to enhance its services and introduce new services that achieve market acceptance and penetrate new markets. Therefore, Otonomo plans to incur substantial research and development costs as part of its efforts to develop and commercialize new services and enhance existing services. Otonomo’s research and development expenses were approximately $8.2 million and $8.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020 respectively and are likely to grow in the future. Future research and development expenses will adversely affect Otonomo’s future results of operations. In addition, Otonomo’s research and development program may not produce successful results, and even if it does successfully produce new services, those services may not achieve market acceptance, create additional revenue or become profitable.

Otonomo’s ability to attract new data consumers and increase revenue from existing data consumers depends in part on its ability to enhance and improve its existing services, increase adoption and usage of its services, and introduce new services. The success of any enhancements or new services depends on several factors, including timely completion, adequate quality testing, actual performance quality, market accepted pricing levels and overall market acceptance.

Enhancements, such as additional technology features, and new services, such as software licenses and data services, that Otonomo develops may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner, may contain errors or defects, may have interoperability difficulties with its platform or other services or may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. Furthermore, Otonomo’s ability to increase the usage of its services depends, in part, on the development of new uses for its services, which may be outside of its control. Its ability to generate usage of additional services by its data consumers may also require increasingly sophisticated and more costly sales efforts and result in a longer sales cycle. If Otonomo is unable to successfully enhance its existing services to meet evolving data consumer requirements, increase adoption and usage of its services, develop new services, or if its efforts to increase the usage of its services are more expensive than Otonomo expects, then its business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.

If Otonomo is unsuccessful at investing in growth opportunities, its business could be materially and adversely affected.

Otonomo continues to invest significantly in growth opportunities, including the development of new technologies and services to meet its clients’ needs. For example, Otonomo is expanding its service offerings by providing additional services along the data value chain in the form of data storage, enrichment and visualization, and adding additional technology features for licensing to OEM’s and data consumers. Otonomo also continues to invest significantly in growth opportunities outside the U.S., and in particular Latin America and the

Asia-Pacific.

Otonomo considers its presence in these markets to be an important component of its growth strategy.

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There is no assurance that Otonomo’s growth strategy will be successful or will produce a sufficient or any return on its investments. Further, if Otonomo is unable to develop new technologies and services, data consumers do not use or license its new technologies and services, its new technologies and services do not work as intended or there are delays in the availability or adoption of its new technologies and services, then Otonomo may not be able to grow its business or growth may occur slower than anticipated. Additionally, although Otonomo expects continued growth in the vehicle data market, such growth may occur more slowly or not at all, and Otonomo may not benefit from its investments.

Otonomo plans to fund growth opportunities with cash from operations or from future financings. There can be no assurance that those sources will be available in sufficient amounts to fund future growth opportunities when needed.

Any of the foregoing could have a material and adverse effect on its operating results and financial condition.

Otonomo may require additional capital in the future in order to fund its growth strategy or to respond to technological advancements, competitive dynamics or technologies, data consumer demands, business opportunities, challenges, acquisitions or unforeseen circumstances. It may also determine to raise equity or debt financing for other reasons. For example, in order to further enhance business relationships with current or potential customers or partners, Otonomo may issue equity or equity-linked securities to such current or potential customers or partners.

Otonomo may not be able to timely secure additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, or at all. If Otonomo raises additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt or other equity-linked securities, its existing shareholders could experience significant dilution. In addition, any debt financing obtained by Otonomo in the future, whether in the form of a credit facility or otherwise, could involve restrictive covenants relating to its capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for Otonomo to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. If Otonomo is unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to Otonomo when Otonomo requires it, Otonomo’s ability to continue to grow or support its business and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited. In addition, because Otonomo’s decision to issue debt or equity in the future will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond its control, it cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, nature or success of its future capital raising efforts.

Otonomo has experienced rapid growth, and if Otonomo fails to effectively manage its growth, then its business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Otonomo has experienced substantial growth in its business since inception. For example, Otonomo has experienced significant growth in the number of data consumers, usage and amount of data that its platform and associated infrastructure support. This growth has placed and may continue to place significant demands on its corporate culture, operational infrastructure and management. Any failure to manage its anticipated growth and organizational changes in a manner that preserves the key aspects of its culture could hurt its chance for future success, including its ability to recruit and retain personnel, and effectively focus on and pursue its corporate objectives. This, in turn, could adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, Otonomo’s ability to manage its operations and future growth will require Otonomo to continue to improve its operational, financial and management controls, compliance programs and reporting systems. Otonomo is currently in the process of strengthening its compliance programs, including its compliance

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programs related to export controls, privacy and cybersecurity and anti-corruption. Otonomo may not be able to implement improvements in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing controls, programs, systems and procedures, which could have an adverse effect on its business, reputation and financial results.

Historically, Otonomo has relied, in part, on a variety of partnerships covering different focus areas and data to grow its business. The majority of the partnerships allow Otonomo to provide data or data services as part of services provided by the partners, thereby increasing Otonomo’s customer base without the need to address the customers directly.

Any partnerships Otonomo enters into may not be on favorable terms, and the expected benefits and growth from these partnerships may not materialize as planned. Otonomo may have difficulty assimilating new partnerships and their services, technologies, IT systems and personnel into its operations. IT and data security profiles of partners may not meet its technological standards and may take longer to integrate and remediate than planned. This may result in significantly greater transaction and integration costs for future partnerships than Otonomo has experienced historically, or it could mean that Otonomo will not pursue certain partnerships where the costs of integration and remediation are too significant. These difficulties could disrupt its ongoing business, increase its expenses and adversely affect its operating results and financial condition.

Despite its past experience, opportunities to grow its business through partnerships may not be available to Otonomo in the future.

Historically, a single customer has accounted for a material portion of Otonomo’s revenues and, therefore, the loss of that customer could materially and adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.

One of Otonomo’s customers, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (“Mitsubishi”), accounted for approximately 30% of its revenue in 2020. The loss of this customer could result in a significant reduction of Otonomo’s anticipated revenues, which could materially and adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.

Otonomo’s ability to grow and generate revenue growth depends, in part, on its ability to expand its base of data consumers and maintain and grow its relationships with existing data consumers and to have them increase their usage of its platform. If Otonomo is not successful in attracting new data consumers or its existing data consumers do not increase their use of its services, then its revenue growth may decline, and its results of operations may be harmed. Data consumers are charged based on the usage of its services. Many of Otonomo’s data consumers do not have long-term contractual financial commitments to Otonomo and, therefore, most of its data consumers may reduce or cease their use of its services at any time without penalty or termination charges. Data consumers may terminate or reduce their use of its services for any number of reasons, including if they are not satisfied with its services, the value proposition of its services or its ability to meet their needs and expectations. Otonomo cannot accurately predict data consumers’ usage levels and its inability to attract new data consumers or the loss of data consumers or reductions in their usage levels of its services may each have a negative impact on its business, results of operations and financial condition and may slow its growth in the

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future if customers are not satisfied with its products, the value proposition of its products or its ability to meet their needs and expectations. If a significant number of data consumers cease using, or reduce their usage of its services, then Otonomo may be required to spend significantly more on sales and marketing than it currently plans to spend in order to maintain or increase revenue from data consumers. Such additional sales and marketing expenditures could adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.

The market for communications in general, and vehicle data, is subject to rapid technological change, evolving industry standards, changing regulations, as well as changing customer needs, requirements and preferences. The success of Otonomo’s business will depend, in part, on its ability to adapt and respond effectively to these changes on a timely basis. If Otonomo is unable to develop new services that satisfy its data consumers and provide enhancements and new features for its existing services that keep pace with rapid technological and industry change, its business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. If new technologies emerge that are able to deliver competitive services at lower prices, more efficiently, more conveniently or more securely, such technologies could adversely impact its ability to compete effectively.

Its platform must integrate with a variety of network, hardware, mobile and software platforms and technologies, and Otonomo needs to continuously modify and enhance its services and platform to adapt to changes and innovation in these technologies. If data providers, partners or data consumers adopt new software platforms or infrastructure, Otonomo may be required to develop new or enhanced versions of its services to work with those new platforms or infrastructure. This development effort may require significant resources, which would adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition. Any failure of its services and platform to operate effectively with evolving or new platforms and technologies could reduce the demand for its services. If Otonomo is unable to respond to these changes in a cost-effective manner, its services may become less marketable and less competitive or obsolete, and its business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The market for Otonomo’s services and platform is new and unproven, and may decline or experience limited growth and is dependent in part on data consumers continuing to adopt its platform and use its services.

Otonomo has been developing and providing a cloud based platform, through which it serves as a vehicle data marketplace, and which enables car manufacturers, drivers and service providers to be part of a connected ecosystem. This market is relatively new and unproven and is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. Otonomo believes that its future success will significantly depend in large part on the growth, if any, of this market. The utilization of a data marketplace to obtain data on vehicles, drivers and the environment is still relatively new, and consumers may not recognize the need for, or benefits of, its services and platform. Moreover, if they do not recognize the need for and benefits of its services and platform, they may decide to adopt alternative services to satisfy some portion of their business needs. In order to grow its business and extend its market position, Otonomo intends to focus on educating potential customers about the benefits of its services and platform, expanding the range of Otonomo’s services and bringing new technologies to market to increase market acceptance and use of its platform. Otonomo’s ability to expand the market that its services and platform address depends upon a number of factors, including the cost, performance and perceived value associated with such services and platform. The market for its services and platform could fail to grow significantly or there could be a reduction in demand for its services as a result of a lack of acceptance, technological challenges, competing services, decreases in spending by current and prospective customers, weakening economic conditions and other causes. If Otonomo’s market does not experience significant growth, or demand for its services decreases, then its business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

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Otonomo relies extensively upon vehicle data from a variety of external providers to provide its services, including data from vehicle manufacturers (“OEMs”), vehicle fleet operators and telematics service providers (“TSPs”). Otonomo’s data providers could increase restrictions on its use of such data, increase the price they charge Otonomo for data, or refuse altogether to license the data to Otonomo. In addition, during the term of any data supply contract, providers may fail to adhere to its data quality control standards or fail to deliver data. Further, although no single individual data provider is material to Otonomo’s business, if a number of providers collectively representing a significant amount of data that it uses for one or more of its services were to impose additional contractual restrictions on its use of or access to data, fail to adhere to its quality-control standards, repeatedly fail to deliver data or refuse to provide data, now or in the future, its ability to provide those services to its clients could be materially adversely impacted, which may harm its operating results and financial condition. In addition, if a number of providers collectively representing a significant amount of data that Otonomo uses are no longer able or are unwilling to provide Otonomo with certain data, it may need to find alternative providers.

If Otonomo is unable to identify and contract with suitable alternative data providers and efficiently and effectively integrate these data sources into its service offerings, Otonomo could experience service disruptions, increased costs, and reduced quality and availability of its services. Moreover, some of Otonomo’s data providers compete with it in certain service offerings, which may make it vulnerable to unpredictable price increases from them and they may elect to stop providing data to us. Significant price increases could have a material adverse effect on Otonomo’s operating margins and its financial position, in particular if Otonomo is unable to arrange for substitute replacement data suppliers on favorable economic terms. There can be no assurance that Otonomo would be able to obtain data from alternative suppliers if its current suppliers become unavailable. Loss of such access or the availability of data in the future on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, may reduce the quality and availability of its services, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Some of Otonomo’s data suppliers face similar regulatory requirements as Otonomo does and, consequently, they may cease to be able to provide data to Otonomo or may substantially increase the fees they charge Otonomo for this data, which may make it financially burdensome or impossible for Otonomo to acquire data that is necessary to offer services. Many consumer advocates, privacy advocates, and government regulators believe that existing laws and regulations do not adequately protect privacy or ensure the accuracy of personal data. As a result, such advocates and regulators are seeking further restrictions on the dissemination or commercial use of personal information to the public and private sectors, as well as contemplating requirements relative to data accuracy and the ability of consumers to opt to have their personal data removed from databases such as Otonomo’s. Any future laws, regulations, or other restrictions limiting the dissemination or use of personal information may reduce the quality and availability of the data necessary for its products and services, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Otonomo believes that the continued growth of its business depends in part upon developing and expanding strategic relationships with OEM’s and vehicle fleet operators and other data providers. OEM’s and vehicle fleet operators provide much of the data Otonomo provides as part of its services. As demand grows for data-driven products and services and customer groups join the ecosystem and expand their usage of external data, Otonomo will need to be able to provide the data in order to meet increasing market needs. Its strategy also includes contracting with other data providers to provide commercial vehicle, environmental and micro-mobility data.

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If Otonomo fails to expand its relationships with existing OEM’s and vehicle fleet operators or establish relationships with new OEM’s and vehicle fleet operators and other data providers in a timely and cost effective manner, or at all, Otonomo will be unable to grow its business and meet its customers’ needs, which would adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.

Any failure to offer high quality data user support may adversely affect Otonomo’s relationships with its data consumers and prospective data consumers, and adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.

Many of Otonomo’s customers depend on its customer support team to assist them in deploying its services effectively to help them to resolve post-deployment issues quickly, and to provide ongoing support. If Otonomo does not devote sufficient resources or is otherwise unsuccessful in assisting its data consumers effectively, it could adversely affect its ability to retain existing data consumers and could prevent prospective data consumers from adopting its services. Otonomo may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in demand for customer support. It also may be unable to modify the nature, scope and delivery of its customer support to compete with changes in the support services provided by its competitors. Increased demand for customer support, without corresponding revenue, could increase costs and adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition. Otonomo’s revenues are highly dependent on its business reputation. Any failure to maintain high quality customer support, or a market perception that it does not maintain high quality customer support, could erode customer trust and adversely affect its reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.

Adverse conditions in the automotive industry or the global economy more generally could have adverse effects on Otonomo’s results of operations.

Otonomo’s business is directly affected by, and significantly dependent on, business cycles and other factors affecting the global automobile industry and global economy generally. Automotive production and sales are highly cyclical and depend on general economic conditions and other factors, including consumer spending and preferences, changes in interest rates and credit availability, consumer confidence, fuel costs, fuel availability, environmental impact, governmental incentives and regulatory requirements and political volatility, especially in energy-producing countries and growth markets. In addition, automotive production and sales can be affected by Otonomo’s automotive OEM customers’ ability to continue operating in response to challenging economic conditions and in response to regulatory requirements and other factors. The volume of automotive production in North America, Europe and the rest of the world has fluctuated, sometimes significantly, from year to year.

Otonomo expects any such fluctuations to give rise to fluctuations in the demand for its products. Reductions in automotive sales could slow the increasing connectivity of vehicles, as new vehicles have greater connectivity that older ones, and would slow the demand for data-driven products and services. In addition, a reduction in the number of vehicles would reduce the potential number of data consumers for Otonomo’s services. Any significant adverse change in automotive production and sales could have a material adverse effect on Otonomo’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

The market in which Otonomo participates is intensely competitive, and if Otonomo does not compete effectively, its business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

The market for vehicle data is rapidly evolving and highly competitive, with relatively low barriers to entry in some areas. Otonomo’s future success will depend on its ability to maintain its lead by continuing to develop and protect from infringement advanced technology in a timely manner and to stay ahead of existing and new competitors. Otonomo currently faces competition from a range of companies seeking to establish and develop relationships with OEMs and other data providers. Its competitors are also working to advance technology, performance and innovation in their development of new and improved solutions.

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Otonomo’s direct competitors focus on data provision, services to manage and structure data and consent management. Its indirect competitors include service providers and personal use case companies, which focus on enabling services via APIs and connecting service providers with customers’ personally identifiable information (“PII”), as well as industry-specific data and service providers for location-based services, fleet management and repair and maintenance. Additionally, technology companies, such as Google and Alibaba, and vehicle operating system providers, such as Huawei and Baidu, are potential competitors to its platform, as are companies providing cloud computing platforms and APIs, such as Amazon Web Services and Microsoft. In addition, Otonomo faces potential competition from its vertically integrated data providers which may elect to directly provide more data-related services as part of their business.

The principal competitive factors in its market include completeness of offering, ease of integration and programmability, product features, platform scalability, and performance and cost.

Some of its competitors and potential competitors are larger and have greater name recognition, longer operating histories, more established customer relationships, larger budgets and significantly greater resources than Otonomo does. In addition, some have the operating flexibility to bundle competing products and services at little or no perceived incremental cost, including offering them at a lower price as part of a larger sales transaction. As a result, its competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than Otonomo can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements.

With the introduction of new services and new market entrants, Otonomo expects competition to intensify in the future. Increased competition may result in pricing pressure and reduced margins and may impede Otonomo’s ability to increase the sales of its products or cause it to lose market share, any of which will adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.

Otonomo expects its results of operations to fluctuate on a quarterly and annual basis, which could cause the price of its securities to fluctuate or decline.

Otonomo’s quarterly results of operations have fluctuated in the past and may vary significantly in the future. As such, historical comparisons of its operating results may not be meaningful. Accordingly, the results of any one quarter should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Otonomo’s quarterly financial results may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of its control and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of Otonomo’s business. These fluctuations could adversely affect Otonomo’s ability to meet its expectations or those of securities analysts or investors. If Otonomo does not meet these expectations for any period, the value of its business and its securities could decline significantly. Factors that may cause these quarterly fluctuations include, without limitation, those listed below:

•

The timing of revenues generated in any quarter;

•

Pricing changes Otonomo may adopt to drive market adoption or in response to competitive pressure;

•

Otonomo’s ability to retain its existing customers and attract new customers;

•

Otonomo’s ability to develop, introduce and sell services and products in a timely manner that meet customer requirements;

•

Disruptions in Otonomo’s sales channels or termination of its relationship with partners;

•

Delays in customers’ purchasing cycles or deferments of customers’ purchases in anticipation of new services or updates from Otonomo or its competitors;

•

Fluctuations in demand pressures for Otonomo’s products;

•

The mix of services sold in any quarter;

•

The duration of the global

COVID-19

pandemic and the time it takes for economic recovery;

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•

The timing and rate of broader market adoption of Otonomo’s data service platform;

•

Market acceptance of Otonomo’s services and further technological advancements by Otonomo’s competitors and other market participants;

•

Any change in the competitive dynamics of Otonomo’s markets, including consolidation of competitors, regulatory developments and new market entrants;

•

Changes in the source, cost, availability of and regulations pertaining to materials Otonomo uses;

•

Adverse litigation, judgments, settlements or other litigation-related costs, or claims that may give rise to such costs; and

•

General economic, industry and market conditions, including trade disputes.

Changes in tax laws or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect Otonomo’s future profitability.

Factors that could materially affect Otonomo’s future, effective tax rates, include but are not limited to:

•

Changes in tax laws or the regulatory environment;

•

Changes in accounting and tax standards or practices;

•

Changes in the composition of operating income by tax jurisdiction; and

•

Otonomo’s operating results before taxes.

Because Otonomo does not have a long history of operating at its present scale and it has significant expansion plans, Otonomo’s effective tax rate may fluctuate in the future. Future effective tax rates could be affected by operating losses in jurisdictions where no tax benefit can be recorded under U.S. GAAP, changes in the composition of earnings in countries with differing tax rates, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws.

Changes in Otonomo’s product mix may impact its financial performance.

Otonomo’s financial performance can be affected by the mix of services it sells during a given period. If Otonomo’s sales include more of the lower gross margin services than higher gross margin products, its results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. There can be no guarantees that Otonomo will be able to successfully alter its service mix so that it is selling more of its high gross margin products. In addition, Otonomo’s earnings forecasts and guidance are expected to include assumptions about product sales mixes. If actual results vary from this projected product mix of sales, Otonomo’s results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Otonomo is highly dependent on the services of its CEO and founder, Ben Volkow.

Otonomo is highly dependent on its CEO and founder, Ben Volkow. Mr. Volkow has acted as Otonomo’s Chief Executive Officer since its inception, and as such, is deeply involved in all aspects of Otonomo’s business, including product development. The loss of Mr. Volkow would adversely affect Otonomo’s business because this could make it more difficult to, among other things, compete with other market participants, manage Otonomo’s R&D activities and retain existing customers or cultivate new ones. Negative public perception of, or negative news related to, any of Mr. Volkow may adversely affect Otonomo’s brand, relationship with customers or standing in the industry.

Otonomo’s management team has limited experience managing a public company.

Otonomo’s management team has limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies.

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Otonomo’s management team may not successfully or efficiently manage their new roles and responsibilities. Otonomo being a public company subjects it to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These new obligations and constituents will require significant attention from Otonomo’s senior management and could divert their attention away from the

day-to-day

management of Otonomo’s business, which could adversely affect Otonomo’s business, financial condition and operating results.

Otonomo’s business depends on its ability to attract and retain highly skilled personnel and senior management.

Competition for highly-skilled personnel is often intense, especially in Israel, where Otonomo’s principal office is located, and it may incur significant costs to attract them. Otonomo may face challenges in attracting or retaining qualified personnel to fulfill its current or future needs. Otonomo has, from time to time, experienced, and it expects to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining highly skilled employees with appropriate qualifications. In addition, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of Otonomo’s equity or equity awards declines, it may adversely affect Otonomo’s ability to retain highly skilled employees. The success of Otonomo depends in part on the attraction, retention and motivation of executive personnel critical to the business and operations of Otonomo. If Otonomo fails to attract new personnel or fails to retain and motivate its current personnel, Otonomo could face disruptions in its operations, strategic relationships, key information, expertise or

know-how

and unanticipated recruitment and onboarding costs, and its business and future growth prospects could be adversely affected.

Otonomo’s sales and operations in international markets expose it to operational, financial and regulatory risks.

A core component of Otonomo’s growth strategy is international expansion. While it has committed resources to expanding its international operations and sales channels, these efforts may not be successful. International operations are subject to a number of other risks, including:

•

Exchange rate fluctuations;

•

Political and economic instability, international terrorism and anti-American sentiment, particularly in emerging markets;

•

Global or regional health crises, such as the

COVID-19

pandemic;

•

Potential for violations of anti-corruption laws and regulations, such as those related to bribery and fraud;

•

Preference for locally branded products, and laws and business practices favoring local competition;

•

Potential consequences of, and uncertainty related to, the “Brexit” process in the United Kingdom, which could lead to additional expense and complexity in doing business there;

•

Increased difficulty in managing inventory;

•

Delayed revenue recognition;

•

Less effective protection of intellectual property;

•

Stringent regulation of the autonomous or other systems, or products using Otonomo’s products and rigorous consumer protection and product compliance regulations, including but not limited to General Data Protection Regulation in the European Union, European competition law, the Restriction of Hazardous Substances directive, the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment directive and the European Ecodesign directive that are costly to comply with, and may vary from country to country;

•

Difficulties and costs of staffing and managing foreign operations;

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•

Import and export laws and the impact of tariffs; and

•

Changes in local tax and customs duty laws or changes in the enforcement, application or interpretation of such laws.

As a result of these and other factors, international expansion may be more difficult, take longer and not generate the results Otonomo anticipates, which could negatively impact its growth and business.

Otonomo’s business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, floods and other natural catastrophic events, global pandemics, and interruptions by

man-made

problems, such as network security breaches, computer viruses or terrorism. Material disruptions of Otonomo’s business or information systems resulting from these events could adversely affect its operating results.

A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire, flood or significant power outage or other similar events, such as infectious disease outbreaks or pandemic events, including the

COVID-19

pandemic, could have an adverse effect on Otonomo’s business and operating results. The

COVID-19

pandemic has produced meaningful operational challenges and Otonomo expects to continue to experience disruptions in its business during the second half of 2021.

COVID-19

has heightened many of the other risks described herein, such as the demand for Otonomo’s products, its ability to achieve or maintain profitability and its ability to raise additional capital in the future. Despite the implementation of network security measures, Otonomo’s networks also may be vulnerable to computer viruses,

break-ins

and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with its solutions. In addition, natural disasters, acts of terrorism or war could cause disruptions in Otonomo’s remaining business operations, Otonomo’s or its customers’ or partners’ businesses, Otonomo’s data providers or the economy as a whole. Otonomo also relies on information technology systems to communicate among its workforce and with third parties. Any disruption to Otonomo’s communications, whether caused by a natural disaster or by

man-made

problems, such as power disruptions, could adversely affect its business. Otonomo does not have a formal disaster recovery plan or policy in place and does not currently require that its suppliers’ partners have such plans or policies in place. To the extent that any such disruptions result in delays or cancellations of orders or impede its suppliers’ ability to timely deliver product components, or the deployment of its products, Otonomo’s business, operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Otonomo has been, and may in the future be, adversely affected by the global

COVID-19

pandemic, the duration and economic, governmental and social impact of which is difficult to predict, which may significantly harm Otonomo’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

The ongoing

COVID-19

pandemic as well as other possible health epidemics and outbreaks could result in a material adverse impact on Otonomo’s or its customers’ business operations including reduction or suspension of operations in the U.S. or certain parts of the world. Otonomo’s engineering operations, among others, cannot all be conducted in a remote working structure and often require

on-site

access to materials and equipment.

Otonomo has customers with international operations in varying industries. Depending upon the duration of the ongoing

COVID-19

pandemic and the associated business interruptions, its data consumers, data suppliers and partners may suspend or delay their engagement with Otonomo, which could result in a material adverse effect on its financial condition. Otonomo’s response to the ongoing

COVID-19

pandemic may prove to be inadequate and it may be unable to continue its operations in the manner it had prior to the outbreak, and may endure interruptions, reputational harm, delays in its product development and shipments, all of which could have an adverse effect on its business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, when the pandemic subsides, Otonomo cannot assure you as to the timing of any economic recovery, which could continue to have a material adverse effect on its target markets and its business.

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Breaches of Otonomo’s networks or systems, or those of its data providers or partners, could degrade Otonomo’s ability to conduct its business, compromise the integrity of its products, platform and data, result in significant data losses and the theft of its intellectual property, damage its reputation, expose it to liability to third parties and require it to incur significant additional costs to maintain the security of its networks and data.

Otonomo depends upon its IT systems to conduct virtually all of its business operations, ranging from its internal operations and research and development activities to its marketing and sales efforts and communications with its customers and business partners. Individuals or entities may attempt to penetrate Otonomo’s network security, or that of its platform, and to cause harm to its business operations, including by misappropriating proprietary information or that of its data suppliers, data consumers, partners and employees or to cause interruptions of its products and platform. In general, cyberattacks and other malicious internet-based activity continue to increase in frequency and magnitude, and cloud-based companies have been targeted in the past and are likely to continue to be targeted in the future. In addition to threats from traditional computer hackers, malicious code (such as malware, viruses, worms, and ransomware), employee theft or misuse, password spraying, phishing, credential stuffing, and

denial-of-service

attacks, Otonomo also faces threats from sophisticated organized crime, nation-state, and nation-state supported actors who engage in attacks (including advanced persistent threat intrusions) that add to the risk to its systems (including those hosted on AWS or other cloud services), internal networks, its customers’ systems and the information that they store and process.

While Otonomo devotes significant financial and personnel resources to implement and maintain security measures, because the techniques used by such individuals or entities to access, disrupt or sabotage devices, systems and networks change frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target, Otonomo may be required to make further investments over time to protect data and infrastructure as cybersecurity threats develop, evolve and grow more complex over time. Otonomo may also be unable to anticipate these techniques, and Otonomo may not become aware in a timely manner of security breaches, which could exacerbate any damage Otonomo experiences. Additionally, Otonomo depends upon its employees and contractors to appropriately handle confidential and sensitive data, including customer data, and to deploy its IT resources in a safe and secure manner that does not expose its network systems to security breaches or the loss of data. Any data security incidents, including internal malfeasance or inadvertent disclosures by its employees or a third party’s fraudulent inducement of its employees to disclose information, unauthorized access or usage, introduction of a virus or similar breach or disruption of Otonomo or its service providers, such as AWS, could result in loss of confidential information, damage to its reputation, erosion of customer trust, loss of customers, litigation, regulatory investigations, fines, penalties and other liabilities. Accordingly, if Otonomo’s cybersecurity measures or its service providers, fail to protect against unauthorized access, attacks (which may include sophisticated cyberattacks), or the mishandling of data by its employees and contractors, then its reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. While Otonomo maintains errors, omissions, and cyber liability insurance policies covering certain security and privacy damages, Otonomo cannot be certain that its existing insurance coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover the potentially significant losses that may result from a security incident or breach or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim.

Any disruption of service at the Cloud Service Providers that host our platform could harm our business.

Otonomo currently hosts its platform primarily using AWS, Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud, referred to as its Cloud Service Providers. Its continued growth depends on the ability of its customers to access its platform at any time and within an acceptable amount of time.

Although Otonomo has disaster recovery plans, including the use of multiple Cloud Service Provider locations, any incident affecting its Cloud Service Provider infrastructure that may be caused by fire, flood, severe storm, earthquake or other natural disasters, cyber-attacks, terrorist or other attacks, and other similar events beyond its control could negatively affect Otonomo’s platform and its ability to deliver its services to its

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customers. A prolonged Cloud Service Provider disruption affecting Otonomo’s platform for any of the foregoing reasons would negatively impact its ability to serve its customers and could damage its reputation with current and potential customers, expose it to liability, cause Otonomo to lose customers or otherwise harm its business. Otonomo may also incur significant costs for using alternative equipment or taking other actions in preparation for, or in reaction to, events that damage the Cloud Service Providers Otonomo use.

In the event that its Cloud Service Provider service agreements are terminated, or there is a lapse of service, Otonomo would experience interruptions in access to its platform as well as significant delays and additional expense in arranging new facilities and services and/or

re-architecting

its solutions for deployment on a different cloud infrastructure, which would adversely affect its business, operating results and financial condition.

Risks Related to Otonomo’s Intellectual Property

Otonomo may not be able to adequately protect or enforce its intellectual property rights or prevent unauthorized parties from copying or reverse engineering its solutions. Otonomo’s efforts to protect and enforce its intellectual property rights and prevent third parties from violating its rights may be costly.

The success of Otonomo’s services and its business depends in part on Otonomo’s ability to obtain patents and other intellectual property rights and maintain adequate legal protection for its products in the United States and other international jurisdictions. Otonomo relies on a combination of patent, copyright, service mark, and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions, to establish and protect its proprietary rights, all of which provide only limited protection. Otonomo cannot assure you that any patents will be issued with respect to its currently pending patent applications, including in a manner that gives Otonomo adequate defensive protection or competitive advantages, if at all, or that any of Otonomo’s patents will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. Otonomo has filed for patents in the United States and in certain international jurisdictions, but such protections may not be available in all countries in which it operates or in which Otonomo seeks to enforce its intellectual property rights or may be difficult to enforce in practice. Otonomo cannot be certain that the steps it has taken will prevent unauthorized use of its technology or the reverse engineering of its technology. Moreover, others may independently develop technologies that are competitive to Otonomo or infringe Otonomo’s intellectual property.

Protecting against the unauthorized use of Otonomo’s intellectual property, products and other proprietary rights is expensive and can be difficult, particularly with respect to international jurisdictions. Unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or reverse engineer Otonomo’s solutions or certain aspects of Otonomo’s solutions that are considered proprietary. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce or defend Otonomo’s intellectual property rights, to prevent unauthorized parties from copying or reverse engineering its solutions, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others or to block the importation of infringing products into the U.S. Any such litigation, regardless of merit, could be costly, divert the attention of management and may not ultimately be resolved in Otonomo’s favor.

Effective patent, trademark, service mark, copyright and trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which Otonomo’s products are available and competitors based in other countries may sell infringing products in one or more markets. An inability to adequately protect and enforce Otonomo’s intellectual property and other proprietary rights or an inability to prevent authorized parties from copying or reverse engineering its smart vision solutions or certain aspects of its solutions that Otonomo considers proprietary could adversely affect its business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

In addition to patented technology, Otonomo relies on its unpatented proprietary technology, trade secrets, processes and

know-how.

Otonomo relies on proprietary information (such as trade secrets,

know-how

and confidential information) to protect intellectual property that may not be patentable or subject to copyright, trademark, trade dress or service mark protection, or that Otonomo believes is best protected by means that do not require public disclosure.

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Otonomo generally seeks to protect this proprietary information by entering into confidentiality agreements, or consulting, services or employment agreements that contain

non-disclosure

and

non-use

provisions with its employees, consultants, contractors and third parties. However, Otonomo may fail to enter into the necessary agreements, and even if entered into, these agreements may be breached or may otherwise fail to prevent disclosure, third-party infringement or misappropriation of its proprietary information, may be limited as to their term and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure or use of proprietary information. Otonomo has limited control over the protection of trade secrets used by its current or future manufacturing partners and suppliers and could lose future trade secret protection if any unauthorized disclosure of such information occurs. In addition, Otonomo’s proprietary information may otherwise become known or be independently developed by its competitors or other third parties. To the extent that its employees, consultants, contractors, advisors and other third parties use intellectual property owned by others in their work for Otonomo, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting

know-how

and inventions. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of Otonomo’s proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain protection for its proprietary information could adversely affect its competitive business position. Furthermore, laws regarding trade secret rights in certain markets where Otonomo operates may afford limited or no protection to its trade secrets.

Otonomo also relies on physical and electronic security measures to protect its proprietary information, but it cannot provide assurance that these security measures will not be breached or that these measures will provide adequate protection. There is a risk that third parties may obtain and improperly utilize Otonomo’s proprietary information to its competitive disadvantage. Otonomo may not be able to detect or prevent the unauthorized use of such information or take appropriate and timely steps to enforce its intellectual property rights.

Third-party claims that Otonomo is infringing intellectual property, whether successful or not, could subject it to costly and time-consuming litigation or expensive licenses, and its business could be adversely affected.

Although Otonomo has pending patents related to its products, a number of companies, both within and outside of the vehicle data service industry, hold other patents covering systems and methods for processing vehicle requests. In addition to these patents, participants in this industry typically also protect their technology, especially embedded software, through copyrights and trade secrets. As a result, there is frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights. Otonomo may receive, in the future inquiries, from other intellectual property holders and may become subject to claims that it infringes their intellectual property rights, particularly as Otonomo expands its presence in the market. In addition, third parties may claim that the names and branding of Otonomo’s products infringe their trademark rights in certain countries or territories. If such a claim were to prevail, Otonomo may be liable for damages, be forced to change the branding of its products in the affected territories, or may be required to pay royalties for a license (if a license is available at all).

Otonomo currently has a number of agreements in effect pursuant to which it has agreed to defend, indemnify and hold harmless its customers, suppliers, and partners from damages and costs which may arise from the infringement by Otonomo’s products of third-party patents or other intellectual property rights. The scope of these indemnity obligations varies, but may, in some instances, include indemnification for damages and expenses, including attorneys’ fees. Otonomo’s insurance may not cover all intellectual property infringement claims. A claim that its products infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, even if without merit, could adversely affect Otonomo’s relationships with its customers, may deter future customers from purchasing its products and could expose Otonomo to costly litigation and settlement expenses. Even if Otonomo is not a party to any litigation between a customer and a third party relating to infringement by its products, an adverse outcome in any such litigation could make it more difficult for Otonomo to defend its products against intellectual property infringement claims in any subsequent litigation in which it is a named party. Any of these results could adversely affect Otonomo’s brand and operating results.

Otonomo’s defense of intellectual property rights claims brought against it or its customers, suppliers and channel partners, with or without merit, could be time-consuming, expensive to litigate or settle, divert

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management resources and attention and force Otonomo to acquire intellectual property rights or licenses, which may involve substantial royalty or other payments and may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. Further, a party making such a claim, if successful, could secure a judgment that requires Otonomo to pay substantial damages or obtain an injunction. An adverse determination also could invalidate Otonomo’s intellectual property rights and adversely affect its ability to offer its products to its customers and may require that Otonomo procure or develop substitute products that do not infringe, which could require significant effort and expense. Any of these events could adversely affect Otonomo’s business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

Legal and Regulatory Risks Related to Otonomo’s Business

Otonomo’s operations and platform are subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations, including those regarding privacy, data protection and information security, and its data consumers may be subject to regulations related to the handling and transfer of certain types of sensitive and confidential information. Any failure of Otonomo’s platform and operations to comply with or enable data consumers to comply with applicable laws and regulations would harm its business, results of operations and financial condition.

Privacy is at the core of Otonomo’s technology. As a result, the platform and marketplace were designed to take into consideration the requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 (“GDPR”) and CCPA. Otonomo has and continues to invest time and resources, including the review of its technology and systems to ensure its taking into consideration the requirements of applicable data privacy laws.

Otonomo and its data providers and data consumers may be subject to privacy and data protection-related laws and regulations that impose obligations in connection with the collection, processing and use of personal data. The U.S. federal and various state and foreign governments have adopted or proposed limitations on, or requirements regarding, the collection, distribution, use, security and storage of personal data of individuals. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission and numerous state attorneys general are applying federal and state consumer protection laws to impose standards on the online collection, use and dissemination of data, and to the security measures applied to such data.

Similarly, many foreign countries and governmental bodies, including the EU member states, have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of personal data obtained from EU residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdiction. For example, from 1 January 2021, we are subject to the GDPR and also the UK GDPR, which, together with the amended UK Data Protection Act 2018, retains the GDPR in UK national law. Laws and regulations in these jurisdictions apply broadly to the collection, use, storage, disclosure and security of personal data that identifies or may be used to identify an individual, such as names, telephone numbers, email addresses, vehicle identification number, GPS location and, in some jurisdictions, IP addresses and other online identifiers.

For example, the GDPR, and national implementing legislation in the European Economic Area (“EEA”) member states and the United Kingdom, impose a strict data protection compliance regime including: providing detailed disclosures about how personal data is collected and processed (in a concise, intelligible and easily accessible form); demonstrating that an appropriate legal basis is in place or otherwise exists to justify data processing activities; granting new rights for data subjects in regard to their personal data (including the right to be “forgotten” and the right to data portability), as well as enhancing current rights (e.g., data subject access requests); introducing the obligation to notify data protection regulators or supervisory authorities (and in certain cases, affected individuals) of significant data breaches; defining for the first time pseudonymized (i.e.,

key-coded)

data; imposing limitations on retention of personal data; maintaining a record of data processing; and complying with the principal of accountability and the obligation to demonstrate compliance through policies, procedures, training and audit.

Noncompliance with GDPR and the UK GDPR can respectively trigger fines equal to or greater of €20 million or 4% of global annual revenues. In addition to the foregoing, a breach of the GDPR or UK GDPR

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could result in regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease/ change our processing of our data, enforcement notices, and/ or assessment notices (for a compulsory audit). We may also face civil claims including representative actions and other class action type litigation (where individuals have suffered harm), potentially amounting to significant compensation or damages liabilities, as well as associated costs, diversion of internal resources, and reputational harm. Although Otonomo believes that its Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform currently meets the material requirements of GDPR, to the extent the requirements of GDPR change or are expanded, Otonomo may need to invest significant time and resources, including a review of its technology and systems currently in use against such changed or expanded requirements of GDPR. There are also additional EU laws and regulations (and member states implementations thereof) which govern the protection of consumers and of electronic communications. If Otonomo’s efforts to comply with GDPR or other applicable EU laws and regulations are not successful, Otonomo may be subject to penalties and fines, as well as the other action as noted above, that would adversely impact Otonomo’s business and results of operations, and its ability to conduct business in the EU could be significantly impaired.

We are also subject to European Union rules with respect to cross-border transfers of personal data out of the EEA and the United Kingdom. Recent legal developments in Europe have created complexity and compliance uncertainty regarding certain transfers of information from the EU to the United States. On July 16, 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the “CJEU”) invalidated the

EU-US

Privacy Shield Framework. The CJEU also imposed substantial requirements upon the continued use of standard contractual clauses for data transfers from the EU to the United States, which may make the use of standard contractual clauses difficult or impossible to use under some circumstances. These recent developments may require us to review and amend the legal mechanisms by which we make and/ or receive personal data transfers to/ in the United States. As supervisory authorities issue further guidance on personal data export mechanisms, including circumstances where the standard contractual clauses cannot be used, and/or start taking enforcement action, we could suffer additional costs, complaints and/or regulatory investigations or fines, and/or if we are otherwise unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services, the geographical location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations, and could adversely affect our financial results. We and our customers are at risk of enforcement actions taken by European regulators until such point in time that we are able to ensure that all data transfers to the United States (and other countries deemed to be “third countries”) from the EU are legitimized.

In addition, we also may encounter additional complexity with respect to data privacy and data transfers in relation to the U.K. Following the U.K.’s withdrawal from the EU, the U.K. will become a “third country” for the purposes of data transfers from the EU to the United Kingdom following the expiration of the four to

six-month

personal data transfer grace period (from 1 January 2021) set out in the EU and UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, unless a relevant adequacy decision is adopted in favor of the U.K. (which would allow data transfers without additional measures). If we are unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and regions in which we operate or may operate in the future, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services or could adversely affect our financial results.

We are also subject to evolving EU and U.K. privacy laws on cookies and

e-marketing.

In the EU and the U.K., regulators are increasingly focusing on compliance with requirements in the online behavioral advertising ecosystem, and current national laws that implement the European Directive 2002/58/EC, (the “ePrivacy Directive”) are highly likely to be replaced by an EU regulation known as the ePrivacy Regulation which will significantly increase fines for

non-compliance.

In the EU and the UK, informed consent is required for the placement of a cookie or similar technologies on a user’s device and for direct electronic marketing. The GDPR also imposes conditions on obtaining valid consent, such as a prohibition on

pre-checked

consents and a requirement to ensure separate consents are sought for each type of cookie or similar technology. While the text of the ePrivacy Regulation is still under development, a recent European court decision and regulators’ recent guidance are driving increased attention to cookies and tracking technologies. If regulators start to enforce the strict approach in recent guidance, this could lead to substantial costs, require significant systems changes, limit the effectiveness of our marketing activities, divert the attention of our technology personnel, adversely affect

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our margins, increase costs and subject us to additional liabilities. Regulation of cookies and similar technologies, and any decline of cookies or similar online tracking technologies as a means to identify and potentially target users, may lead to broader restrictions and impairments on our marketing and personalization activities and may negatively impact our efforts to understand users.

Furthermore, outside of the EU, Otonomo continues to see increased regulation of data privacy and security, including the adoption of more stringent subject matter specific state laws in the United States. For example, on July 8, 2019, Brazil enacted the General Data Protection Law (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais) (Law No. 13,709/2018) (“LGPD”) regulating the processing of personal data, which was enacted in August 2020. Also, on June 28, 2018, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which took effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. Although Otonomo believes that its Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform currently meets the requirements of the CCPA, to the extent the requirements of CCPA change or are expanded may increase Otonomo’s compliance costs and potential liability. Some observers have noted that the CCPA could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent state privacy legislation in the U.S., which could increase Otonomo’s potential liability and adversely affect its business. Furthermore, California voters approved the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) on November 3, 2020, which will amend and expand the CCPA, including by providing consumers with additional rights with respect to their personal data. The CPRA will come into effect on January 1, 2023, applying to information collected by businesses on or after January 1, 2022. Otonomo continues to invest time and resources in reviewing our technology and systems to meet the evolving data privacy regulations, be they GDPR, CCPA or others. Restrictions on the collection, use, sharing or disclosure of personal data or additional requirements and liability for security and data integrity may require us to modify our business practices, limit our ability to develop new products and features and subject us to increased compliance obligations and regulatory scrutiny.

In addition, additional jurisdictions may impose data localization laws, which require personal information, or certain subcategories of personal information to be stored in the jurisdiction of origin. These regulations may inhibit Otonomo’s ability to expand into those markets or prohibit Otonomo from continuing to offer its marketplace in those markets without significant additional costs.

The uncertainty and changes in the requirements of multiple jurisdictions may increase the cost of compliance, delay or reduce demand for Otonomo’s platform, restrict its ability to offer its marketplace in certain locations, limit its ability to transfer data between jurisdictions or subject Otonomo to sanctions, by national data protection regulators, all of which could harm its business, financial condition and results of operations. Any such regulations may also restrict OEMs or other data providers from collecting, processing and sharing vehicle data which may adversely impact Otonomo’s business. Additionally, although Otonomo endeavors to have its platform and operations comply with applicable laws and regulations, Otonomo expects that there will continue to be new proposed laws, rules of self-regulatory bodies, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions, and Otonomo cannot yet determine the impact such future laws, rules, regulations and standards may have on its business or that of its data providers and data consumers, which may indirectly impact Otonomo. Furthermore, these and other obligations may be modified, they may be interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and they may conflict with one another, other regulatory requirements, contractual commitments or its internal practices. As a result, it is possible that Otonomo or its platform or operations or the businesses of its data providers and data consumers, may not be, or may not have been, compliant with each such applicable law, regulation and industry standard and compliance with such new laws or to changes to existing laws may impact Otonomo’s business and practices, require Otonomo to expend significant resources to adapt to these changes and modify its platform and business, or to stop offering its platform in certain countries. These developments could adversely affect Otonomo’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Otonomo also may be bound by contractual obligations relating to its collection, use and disclosure of personal and other data or may find it necessary or desirable to join industry or other self-regulatory bodies or other privacy or data protection-related organizations that require compliance with their rules pertaining to privacy and data protection.

Any failure or perceived failure by Otonomo, its platform or operations, or Otonomo’s data providers and data consumers, to comply with new or existing U.S., EU or other applicable privacy or data security laws, regulations, policies, industry standards or legal obligations, or any security incident that results in the unauthorized access to, or acquisition, share or transfer of, personal data or other customer data may result in governmental investigations, inquiries, enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties, adverse publicity or potential loss of business.

Risks Related to Being a Public Company

Otonomo incurs increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and its management devotes substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

Otonomo is a new public company subject to reporting requirements in the United States, and it incurs significant legal, accounting and other expenses that it did not incur as a private company, and these expenses may increase even more after Otonomo is no longer an emerging growth company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act. As a public company, Otonomo is subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as rules adopted, and to be adopted, by the SEC and Nasdaq. Otonomo’s management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, Otonomo expects these rules and regulations to substantially increase its legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. The increased costs will increase Otonomo’s net loss. For example, Otonomo expects these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for it to obtain director and officer liability insurance and it may be forced to accept reduced policy limits or incur substantially higher costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. Otonomo cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs it may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for Otonomo to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on its board of directors, its board committees or as executive officers.

A market for Otonomo’s securities may be sustained, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of Otonomo’s securities.

The price of Otonomo’s securities may fluctuate significantly due to, among other things, general market and economic conditions. An active trading market for Otonomo’s securities may not be sustained. In addition, the price of Otonomo’s securities can vary due to general economic conditions and forecasts, Otonomo’s general business condition and the release of Otonomo’s financial reports. Additionally, if Otonomo’s securities become delisted from Nasdaq and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board (an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange) or Otonomo’s securities are not listed on Nasdaq and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board, the liquidity and price of Otonomo’s securities may be more limited than if Otonomo was quoted or listed on the NYSE, Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established or sustained.

Otonomo’s internal controls over financial reporting may not be effective and its independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to certify as to their effectiveness, which could have a significant and adverse effect on Otonomo’s business and reputation.

Otonomo is subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. Otonomo expects that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase its legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming and costly, and place significant strain on its personnel, systems and resources.

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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that Otonomo maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Otonomo is continuing to develop and refine its disclosure controls, internal control over financial reporting and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by it in the reports that it files with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to Otonomo’s principal executive and financial officers.

Otonomo’s current controls and any new controls that it develops may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in its business. Further, weaknesses in Otonomo’s internal controls may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls, or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement, could adversely affect Otonomo’s operating results or cause it to fail to meet its reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of Otonomo’s financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of Otonomo’s internal control over financial reporting that it is required to include in the reports Otonomo files with the SEC under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in Otonomo’s reported financial and other information.

In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, Otonomo has expended and anticipates that it will continue to expend significant resources, including accounting-related costs, and provide significant management oversight. Any failure to maintain the adequacy of its internal controls, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase Otonomo’s operating costs and could materially and adversely affect its ability to operate its business. In the event that Otonomo’s internal controls are perceived as inadequate or that it is unable to produce timely or accurate financial statements, investors may lose confidence in Otonomo’s operating results and the price of Otonomo’s securities could decline. In addition, if Otonomo is unable to continue to meet these requirements, the company may not be able to obtain or maintain listing on Nasdaq.

Otonomo’s independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting until after Otonomo is no longer an emerging growth company and becomes an accelerated filer. At such time, the Otonomo’s independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which Otonomo’s controls are documented, designed or operating. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could have a material and adverse effect on the company’s business and operating results.

Risks Related to Ownership of Otonomo’s Securities

The Otonomo Articles and Israeli law could prevent a takeover that shareholders consider favorable and could also reduce the market price of Otonomo’s securities.

Certain provisions of Israeli law and the Otonomo Articles could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control and may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire Otonomo or for Otonomo’s shareholders to elect different individuals to its board of directors, even if doing so would be beneficial to its shareholders, and may limit the price that investors may be willing to pay in the future for the ordinary shares. For example, Israeli corporate law regulates mergers and requires that a tender offer be effected when certain thresholds of percentage ownership of voting power in a company are exceeded (subject to certain conditions). Further, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions undesirable to Otonomo or to some of its shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel granting tax relief to such shareholders from Israeli tax.

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Otonomo does not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future. Accordingly, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell your ordinary shares for a price greater than the price you paid for your ordinary shares.

Otonomo has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its shares. It currently intends to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation of its business and does not anticipate paying any dividends on the ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. Consequently, you may be unable to realize a gain on your investment except by selling sell such shares after price appreciation, which may never occur.

Otonomo’s board of directors has sole discretion whether to pay dividends. If Otonomo’s board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency, and amount will depend upon its future, operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that its directors may deem relevant. The Israeli Companies Law, 1999 (the “Companies Law”) imposes restrictions on Otonomo’s ability to declare and pay dividends. See the section titled “

Description of ordinary shares—Dividend

and Liquidation Rights

”

for additional information. Payment of dividends may also be subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See the section titled “

Certain Material Israeli Tax Considerations

” for additional information.

The market price and trading volume of the ordinary shares may be volatile.

The stock markets, including Nasdaq on which Otonomo lists the ordinary shares and warrants under the symbols “OTMO,” and “OTMOW,” respectively, have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. Even if an active, liquid and orderly trading market is sustained for the ordinary shares and warrants, the market price of the ordinary shares and warrants may be volatile and could decline significantly. In addition, the trading volume in the ordinary shares and warrants may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of the ordinary shares and warrants declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares or warrants at or above the market price of the ordinary shares and warrants. Otonomo cannot assure you that the market price of the ordinary shares and warrants will not fluctuate widely or decline significantly in the future in response to a number of factors, including, among others, the following:

•

the realization of any of the risk factors presented in this prospectus;

•

actual or anticipated differences in Otonomo’s estimates, or in the estimates of analysts, for Otonomo’s revenues, Adjusted EBITDA, results of operations, level of indebtedness, liquidity or financial condition;

•

additions and departures of key personnel;

•

failure to comply with the requirements of Nasdaq;

•

failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or other laws or regulations;

•

future issuances, sales, resales or repurchases or anticipated issuances, sales, resales or repurchases, of Otonomo’s securities including due to the expiration of contractual

lock-up

agreements;

•

publication of research reports about Otonomo;

•

the performance and market valuations of other similar companies;

•

failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of Otonomo, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow Otonomo or Otonomo’s failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;

•

new laws, regulations, subsidies, or credits or new interpretations of existing laws applicable to Otonomo;

•

commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving Otonomo;

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•

broad disruptions in the financial markets, including sudden disruptions in the credit markets;

•

speculation in the press or investment community;

•

actual, potential or perceived control, accounting or reporting problems;

•

changes in accounting principles, policies and guidelines; and

•

other events or factors, including those resulting from infectious diseases, health epidemics and pandemics (including the ongoing

COVID-19

public health emergency), natural disasters, war, acts of terrorism or responses to these events.

In the past, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their shares. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert Otonomo’s management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Otonomo’s quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly and could fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors due to seasonality and other factors, some of which are beyond its control, resulting in a decline in its stock price.

Otonomo’s quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly because of several factors, including:

•

labor availability and costs for hourly and management personnel;

•

profitability of Otonomo’s products, especially in new markets and due to seasonal fluctuations;

•

changes in interest rates;

•

impairment of long-lived assets;

•

macroeconomic conditions, both internationally and locally;

•

changes in consumer preferences and competitive conditions;

•

expansion to new markets; and

•

fluctuations in commodity prices.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about Otonomo, its business, or its market, or if they change their recommendations regarding the ordinary shares adversely, then the price and trading volume of Otonomo’s securities could decline.

The trading market for Otonomo’s securities is and will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about its business. Otonomo does not control these analysts, or the content and opinions included in their reports. As a new public company, Otonomo may be slow to attract research coverage and the analysts who publish information about Otonomo’s securities will have had relatively little experience with Otonomo, which could affect their ability to accurately forecast Otonomo’s results and make it more likely that Otonomo fails to meet their estimates. In the event Otonomo obtains industry or financial analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover Otonomo issues an inaccurate or unfavorable opinion regarding it, the price of Otonomo’s securities would likely decline. In addition, the share prices of many companies in the technology industry have declined significantly after those companies have failed to meet, or significantly exceed, the financial guidance publicly announced by the companies or the expectations of analysts. If Otonomo’s financial results fail to meet, or significantly exceed, its announced guidance or the expectations of analysts or public investors, analysts could downgrade Otonomo’s securities or publish unfavorable research about it. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of Otonomo or fail to publish reports on it regularly, Otonomo’s visibility in the financial markets could decrease, which in turn could cause the price of its securities or trading volume to decline.

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Otonomo’s failure to meet the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq could result in a delisting of its securities.

If Otonomo fails to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, Nasdaq may take steps to delist its securities. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of the securities and would impair your ability to sell or purchase the securities when you wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, Otonomo can provide no assurance that any action taken by it to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow its securities to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of its securities, prevent its securities from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement or prevent future

non-compliance

with Nasdaq’s listing requirements. Additionally, if Otonomo’s securities become delisted from, Nasdaq for any reason, and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board, an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange, the liquidity and price of Otonomo’s securities may be more limited than if it were quoted or listed on Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established or sustained.

Otonomo qualifies as an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act, and Otonomo takes advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies, which makes Otonomo’s securities less attractive to investors and makes it more difficult to compare Otonomo’s performance with other public companies.

Otonomo is eligible to be treated as an emerging growth company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised financial accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. Otonomo intends to take advantage of this extended transition period under the JOBS Act for adopting new or revised financial accounting standards.

For as long as Otonomo continues to be an emerging growth company, it may also take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including presenting only limited selected financial data and not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. As a result, its shareholders may not have access to certain information that they may deem important. Otonomo could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause it to lose that status earlier, including if its total annual gross revenue exceeds $1.07 billion, if it issues more than $1.0 billion in

non-convertible

debt securities during any three-year period, or if before that time it is a “large accelerated filer” under U.S. securities laws.

Otonomo cannot predict if investors find its securities less attractive because it relies on these exemptions. If some investors find its securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for its securities and the price of Otonomo’s securities may be more volatile. Further, there is no guarantee that the exemptions available to Otonomo under the JOBS Act will result in significant savings. To the extent that Otonomo chooses not to use exemptions from various reporting requirements under the JOBS Act, it will incur additional compliance costs, which may impact Otonomo’s financial condition.

Otonomo is a foreign private issuer and, as a result, it is not subject to U.S. proxy rules and is subject to Exchange Act reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of a U.S. domestic public company.

Otonomo reports under the Exchange Act as a

non-U.S.

company with foreign private issuer status. Because Otonomo qualifies as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, it is exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including (1) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the

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Exchange Act, (2) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time and (3) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form

10-Q

containing unaudited financial and other specified information, although it is subject to Israeli laws and regulations with regard to certain of these matters and intend to furnish comparable quarterly information on Form 6-K. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form

20-F

until 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form

10-K

within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year and U.S. domestic issuers that are large accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form

10-K

within 60 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from Regulation FD, which is intended to prevent issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. As a result of all of the above, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of a company that is not a foreign private issuer.

Otonomo may lose its foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

As discussed above, Otonomo is a foreign private issuer, and therefore is not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and, accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to Otonomo on June 30, 2022. In the future, Otonomo would lose its foreign private issuer status if (1) more than 50% of its outstanding voting securities are owned by U.S. residents and (2) a majority of its directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents, or it fails to meet additional requirements necessary to avoid loss of foreign private issuer status. If Otonomo loses its foreign private issuer status, it will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. Otonomo would also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and its officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, it would lose its ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the listing rules of Nasdaq. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, Otonomo would incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that it will not incur as a foreign private issuer.

As Otonomo is a “foreign private issuer” and intends to follow certain home country corporate governance practices, its shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.

As a foreign private issuer, Otonomo has the option to follow certain home country corporate governance practices rather than those of Nasdaq, provided that it discloses the requirements it is not following and describes the home country practices it is following. Otonomo intends to rely on this “foreign private issuer exemption” with respect to the Nasdaq rules for shareholder meeting quorums and Nasdaq rules requiring shareholder approval. Otonomo may in the future elect to follow home country practices with regard to other matters. As a result, its shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.

Otonomo may issue additional ordinary shares or other equity securities without seeking approval of its shareholders, which would dilute your ownership interests and may depress the market price of the ordinary shares.

Otonomo has warrants outstanding to purchase up to an aggregate of 13,825,000 ordinary shares. Further, Otonomo may choose to seek third party financing to provide additional working capital for the Otonomo business, in which event Otonomo may issue additional equity securities. Otonomo may also issue additional ordinary shares or other equity securities of equal or senior rank in the future for any reason or in connection

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with, among other things, future acquisitions, the redemption of outstanding warrants or repayment of outstanding indebtedness, without shareholder approval, in a number of circumstances.

The issuance of additional ordinary shares or other equity securities of equal or senior rank would have the following effects:

•

Otonomo’s shareholders’ proportionate ownership interest in Otonomo will decrease;

•

the amount of cash available per share, including for payment of dividends in the future, may decrease;

•

the relative voting strength of each previously outstanding ordinary share may be diminished; and

•

the market price of the ordinary shares may decline.

As a result of the Business Combination, the IRS may not agree that Otonomo should be treated as a

non-U.S.

corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Under current U.S. federal income tax law, a corporation generally will be considered to be a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes if it is created or organized in the United States or under the law of the United States or of any State. Accordingly, under generally applicable U.S. federal income tax rules, Otonomo, which is incorporated and tax resident in Israel, would generally be classified as a

non-U.S.

corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Section 7874 of the Code and the Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, however, contain specific rules that may cause a

non-U.S.

corporation to be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If it were determined that Otonomo is treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Section 7874 of the Code and the Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, Otonomo would be liable for U.S. federal income tax on its income in the same manner as any other U.S. corporation and certain distributions made by Otonomo to

Non-U.S.

Holders (as defined in “Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) of Otonomo may be subject to U.S. withholding tax.

Based on the terms of the Business Combination and certain factual assumptions, Otonomo does not currently expect to be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Section 7874 of the Code after the Business Combination. However, the application of Section 7874 of the Code is complex, subject to detailed regulations (the application of which is uncertain in various respects and would be impacted by changes in such U.S. Treasury regulations with possible retroactive effect) and subject to certain factual uncertainties, some of which are finally determined after the completion of the Business Combination. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge the status of Otonomo as a

non-U.S.

corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Section 7874 of the Code or that such challenge would not be sustained by a court.

If the IRS were to successfully challenge under Section 7874 of the Code Otonomo’s status as a

non-U.S.

corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, Otonomo and certain Otonomo shareholders may be subject to significant adverse tax consequences, including a higher effective corporate income tax rate on Otonomo and future withholding taxes on certain Otonomo shareholders, depending on the application of any applicable income tax treaty that may apply to reduce such withholding taxes.

You should consult your own advisors regarding the application of Section 7874 of the Code to the Business Combination and the tax consequences if the classification of Otonomo as a

non-U.S.

corporation is not respected.

If Otonomo or any of its subsidiaries are characterized as a Passive Foreign Investment Company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes, U.S. Holders may suffer adverse tax consequences.

A non-U.S. corporation

generally will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income or (2) at least 50% of

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the value of its assets (generally based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. Based on the current and anticipated composition of the income, assets and operations of Otonomo and its subsidiaries, Otonomo does not believe it will be treated as a PFIC for the current taxable year, however there can be no assurances in this regard or any assurances that Otonomo will not be treated as a PFIC in the current taxable year or any future taxable year. Moreover, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and Otonomo cannot assure you that the IRS will not take a contrary position or that a court will not sustain such a challenge by the IRS.

Whether Otonomo or any of its subsidiaries are a PFIC for any taxable year is a factual determination that depends on, among other things, the composition of Otonomo’s income and assets, and the market value of its and its subsidiaries’ shares and assets. Changes in the composition of our income or composition of Otonomo or any of its subsidiaries assets may cause us to be or become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years. Whether Otonomo is treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes is a factual determination that must be made annually at the close of each taxable year and, thus, is subject to significant uncertainty.

If Otonomo is a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder of ordinary shares may be subject to adverse tax consequences and may incur certain information reporting obligations. For a further discussion, see “

Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—U.S. Holders—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

.” U.S. Holders of ordinary shares and warrants are strongly encouraged to consult their own advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to Otonomo and the ownership of ordinary shares and/or warrants.

If a U.S. Holder is treated as owning at least 10% of the ordinary shares, such U.S. Holder may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, if a U.S. Holder is treated as owning (directly, indirectly or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of the ordinary shares, such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to Otonomo, or any of its subsidiaries, if Otonomo or such subsidiary is a “controlled foreign corporation.” If Otonomo has one or more U.S. subsidiaries, certain of

Otonomo’s non-U.S. subsidiaries

could be treated as a controlled foreign corporation regardless of whether Otonomo is treated as a controlled foreign corporation (although there are recently promulgated final and currently proposed Treasury regulations that may limit the application of these rules in certain circumstances).

Certain United States shareholders of a controlled foreign corporation may be required to report annually and include in their U.S. federal taxable income their pro rata share of the controlled foreign corporation’s “Subpart F income” and, in computing their “global

intangible low-taxed income,”

“tested income” and a pro rata share of the amount of certain U.S. property (including certain stock in U.S. corporations and certain tangible assets located in the United States) held by the controlled foreign corporation regardless of whether such controlled foreign corporation makes any distributions. The amount includable by a United States shareholder under these rules is based on a number of factors, including potentially, but not limited to, the controlled foreign corporation’s current earnings and profits (if any), tax basis in the controlled foreign corporation’s assets, and foreign taxes paid by the controlled foreign corporation on its underlying income. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations (or related tax payment obligations) may subject such United States shareholder to significant monetary penalties and may extend the statute of limitations with respect to such United States shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting (or payment of tax) was due. Otonomo cannot provide any assurances that it will assist U.S. Holders in determining whether Otonomo or any of its subsidiaries are treated as a controlled foreign corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes or whether any U.S. Holder is treated as a United States shareholder with respect to any of such controlled foreign corporations or furnish to any holder information that may be necessary to comply with reporting and tax paying obligations if Otonomo, or any of its subsidiaries, is treated as a controlled foreign corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

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Risks Related to Otonomo’s Incorporation and Location in Israel

Conditions in Israel could materially and adversely affect Otonomo’s business.

Many of Otonomo’s employees, including certain management members operate from its offices that are located in Herzliya Pituach, Israel. In addition, a number of Otonomo’s officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic, and military conditions in Israel and the surrounding region may directly affect Otonomo’s business and operations. In recent years, Israel has been engaged in sporadic armed conflicts with Hamas, an Islamist terrorist group that controls the Gaza Strip, with Hezbollah, an Islamist terrorist group that controls large portions of southern Lebanon, and with Iranian-backed military forces in Syria. In addition, Iran has threatened to attack Israel and may be developing nuclear weapons. Some of these hostilities were accompanied by missiles being fired from the Gaza Strip against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, including areas in which Otonomo’s employees are located, and negatively affected business conditions in Israel. Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect Otonomo’s operations and results of operations.

Otonomo’s commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of events associated with war and terrorism. Although the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, Otonomo cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or that it will sufficiently cover Otonomo’s potential damages. Any losses or damages incurred by Otonomo could have a material adverse effect on its business. Any armed conflicts or political instability in the region would likely negatively affect business conditions and could harm Otonomo’s results of operations.

Further, in the past, the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on Otonomo’s results of operations, financial condition or the expansion of its business. A campaign of boycotts, divestment, and sanctions has been undertaken against Israel, which could also adversely affect Otonomo’s business. Actual or perceived political instability in Israel or any negative changes in the political environment, may individually or in the aggregate adversely affect the Israeli economy and, in turn, Otonomo’s business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In addition, many Israeli citizens are obligated to perform several weeks of annual military reserve duty each year until they reach the age of 40 (or older, for reservists who are military officers or who have certain occupations) and, in the event of a military conflict, may be called to active duty. In response to increases in terrorist activity, there have been periods of significant

call-ups

of military reservists. It is possible that there will be military reserve duty

call-ups

in the future. Otonomo’s operations could be disrupted by such

call-ups,

which may include the

call-up

of members of its management. Such disruption could materially adversely affect its business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

Otonomo may become subject to claims for remuneration or royalties for assigned service invention rights by Otonomo’s employees, which could result in litigation and adversely affect Otonomo’s business.

A significant portion of Otonomo’s intellectual property has been developed by its employees in the course of their employment by Otonomo. Under the Israeli Patents Law, 5727-1967 (the “Patents Law”), inventions conceived by an employee during and as a result of his or her employment with a company are regarded as “service inventions,” which belong to the employer, absent an agreement between the employee and employer providing otherwise. The Patents Law also provides that if there is no agreement between an employer and an employee determining whether the employee is entitled to receive consideration for service inventions and on what terms, this will be determined by the Israeli Compensation and Royalties Committee (the “Committee”), a body constituted under the Patents Law. Case law clarifies that the right to receive consideration for “service inventions” can be waived by the employee and that in certain circumstances, such waiver does not necessarily have to be explicit. The Committee will examine, on a

case-by-case

basis, the general contractual framework between the parties, using interpretation rules of the general Israeli contract laws. Further, the Committee has not

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yet determined one specific formula for calculating this remuneration, but rather uses the criteria specified in the Patents Law. Although Otonomo generally enters into agreements with its employees pursuant to which such individuals assign to it all rights to any inventions created during and as a result of their employment with Otonomo, Otonomo may face claims demanding remuneration in consideration for assigned inventions. As a consequence of such claims, Otonomo could be required to pay additional remuneration or royalties to its current and/or former employees, or be forced to litigate such monetary claims (which will not affect Otonomo’s proprietary rights), which could negatively affect its business.

Certain tax benefits that may be available to Otonomo, if obtained by Otonomo, would require it to continue to meet various conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which could increase Otonomo’s costs and taxes.

Otonomo may be eligible for certain tax benefits provided to “Preferred Technological Enterprises” under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959, referred to as the Investment Law. If Otonomo obtains tax benefits under the “Preferred Technological Enterprises” regime then, in order to remain eligible for such tax benefits, it will need to continue to meet certain conditions stipulated in the Investment Law and its regulations, as amended. If these tax benefits are reduced, cancelled or discontinued, Otonomo’s Israeli taxable income may be subject to the Israeli corporate tax rate of 23% in 2018 and thereafter. Additionally, if Otonomo increase its activities outside of Israel through acquisitions, for example, its activities might not be eligible for inclusion in future Israeli tax benefit programs. See “

Certain Material Israeli Tax Considerations

.”

It may be difficult to enforce a U.S. judgment against Otonomo, its officers and directors and the Israeli experts named in this prospectus in Israel or the United States, or to assert U.S. securities laws claims in Israel or serve process on Otonomo’s officers and directors and these experts.

Most of Otonomo’s directors or officers are not residents of the United States and most of their and Otonomo’s assets are located outside the United States. Service of process upon Otonomo or its

non-U.S.

resident directors and officers and enforcement of judgments obtained in the United States against Otonomo or its

non-U.S.

directors and executive officers may be difficult to obtain within the United States. Otonomo have been informed by its legal counsel in Israel that it may be difficult to assert claims under U.S. securities laws in original actions instituted in Israel or obtain a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on a violation of U.S. securities laws against Otonomo or its

non-U.S.

officers and directors because Israel may not be the most appropriate forum to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact, which can be a time-consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel addressing the matters described above. Israeli courts might not enforce judgments rendered outside Israel, which may make it difficult to collect on judgments rendered against Otonomo or its

non-U.S.

officers and directors.

Moreover, among other reasons, including but not limited to, fraud or absence of due process, or the existence of a judgment which is at variance with another judgment that was given in the same matter if a suit in the same matter between the same parties was pending before a court or tribunal in Israel, an Israeli court will not enforce a

non-Israeli

judgment if it was given in a state whose laws do not provide for the enforcement of judgments of Israeli courts (subject to exceptional cases) or if its enforcement is likely to prejudice the sovereignty or security of the State of Israel. For more information, see “

Enforceability of Civil Liabilities

.”

Your rights and responsibilities as a shareholder of Otonomo will be governed by Israeli law, which may differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. corporations.

Otonomo is incorporated under Israeli law. The rights and responsibilities of holders of the ordinary shares are governed by the Otonomo Articles and the Companies Law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some

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respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations. In particular, pursuant to the Companies Law each shareholder of an Israeli company has to act in good faith in exercising his or her rights and fulfilling his or her obligations toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his or her power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders and class meetings, on amendments to a company’s articles of association, increases in a company’s authorized share capital, mergers, and transactions requiring shareholders’ approval under the Companies Law. In addition, a controlling shareholder of an Israeli company or a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or who has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of a director or officer in the Company, or has other powers toward the Company has a duty of fairness toward the Company. However, Israeli law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness. There is limited case law available to assist in understanding the implications of these provisions that govern shareholder behavior.

Otonomo’s amended and restated articles of association provide that, unless Otonomo consents otherwise, the District Court (Economic Division), located in Tel Aviv, Israel shall be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between Otonomo and its shareholders under the Companies Law and the Israeli Securities Law, which could limit its shareholders ability to bring claims and proceedings against, as well as obtain favorable judicial forum for disputes with, Otonomo, its directors, officers and other employees.

The District Court (Economic Division), located in Tel Aviv, Israel shall be the exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of Otonomo, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of Otonomo to Otonomo or Otonomo’s shareholders, or (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Companies Law or the Israeli Securities Law. This exclusive forum provision is intended to apply to claims arising under Israeli Law and would not apply to claims brought pursuant to the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or any other claim for which U.S. federal courts would have exclusive jurisdiction. Such exclusive forum provision in Otonomo’s amended and restated articles of association will not relieve Otonomo of its duties to comply with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, and shareholders of Otonomo will not be deemed to have waived Otonomo’s compliance with these laws, rules and regulations. This exclusive forum provision may limit a shareholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with Otonomo or its directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against Otonomo, its directors, officers and other employees.

Risks Related to this Offering

Sales of a substantial number of our securities in the public market by the Selling Securityholders and/or by our existing securityholders could cause the price of our ordinary shares and warrants to fall.

The Selling Securityholders can sell, under this prospectus, up to (a) 97,270,690 ordinary shares constituting (on a post-exercise basis) approximately 69.7% of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares (assuming the exercise of all of our warrants) and (b) 5,200,000 warrants constituting approximately 37.6% of our issued and outstanding warrants. Sales of a substantial number of ordinary shares and/or warrants in the public market by the Selling Securityholders and/or by our other existing securityholders, or the perception that those sales might occur, could depress the market price of our ordinary shares and warrants and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that such sales may have on the prevailing market price of our ordinary shares and warrants.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

There is no assurance that the holders of the warrants will elect to exercise any or all of the warrants. To the extent that the warrants are exercised on a “cashless basis,” the amount of cash we would receive from the exercise of the warrants will decrease.

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MARKET PRICE OF OUR SECURITIES

Our ordinary shares and warrants began trading on Nasdaq under the symbols “OTMO” and “OTMOW,” respectively, on August 16, 2021. SWAG’s Class A Stock, warrants, and units were previously listed on the Nasdaq under the symbols “SAII,” “SAIIW,” and “SAIIU,” respectively. SWAG’s Class A Stock, warrants, and units each commenced separate public trading on September 17, 2020. SWAG’s units automatically separated into the component securities upon consummation of the Business Combination and, as a result, no longer trade as a separate security. Prior the Closing, each unit of SWAG consisted of one share of Class A Stock and

one-half

of one public warrant of SWAG, whereby each public warrant entitled the holder to purchase share of Class A Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share of Class A Stock. Upon the closing of the Business Combination, SWAG’s shares of Class A Stock were converted into our ordinary shares. On August 26, 2021, the closing sale prices of our ordinary shares and warrants were $6.88 and $1.06, respectively. As of August 13, 2021, there were approximately 117 holders of record of our ordinary shares and one holder of record of our warrants. Such numbers do not include beneficial owners holding our securities through nominee names.

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UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Introduction

The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements present the combination of the financial information of Otonomo and SWAG, adjusted to give effect to the Business Combination and consummation of the Transactions. The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation

S-X

as amended by the final rule, Release

No. 33-10786

“Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses as amended by the final rule, Release

No. 33-10786

“Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses.”

SWAG was a blank check company incorporated in Delaware on June 16, 2020. SWAG was formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, recapitalization, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses. At December 31, 2020, there was approximately $172.5 million held in the SWAG trust account (the “Trust Account”).

Otonomo was incorporated in the state of Israel on December 8, 2015. Otonomo is a leading

one-stop

shop for vehicle data. Otonomo has built the Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform and marketplace. Otonomo is headquartered in Herzliya, Israel.

The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 combines the audited historical balance sheet of Otonomo as of December 31, 2020 with the audited historical balance sheet of SWAG as of December 31, 2020, giving effect to the Business Combination and the issuance of shares to the PIPE Investors, as if they had been consummated as of that date. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 give effect to the Business Combination and the issuance of shares to the PIPE Investors as if they had been completed on January 1, 2020.

The historical financial statements have been adjusted in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements to give pro forma effect for transaction accounting adjustments for the merger.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements do not necessarily reflect what the combined company’s financial condition or results of operations would have been had the Transactions occurred on the dates indicated. The unaudited pro forma combined financial information also may not be useful in predicting the future financial condition and results of operations of the combined company. The actual financial position and results of operations may differ significantly from the pro forma amounts reflected herein due to a variety of factors.

This information should be read together with Otonomo’s and SWAG’s audited financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus, the section titled “

Otonomo’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

” and the other financial information included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Description of the Transactions

On January 31, 2021, SWAG entered into the Business Combination Agreement with Otonomo and Merger Sub. Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, on August 13, 2021, Merger Sub merged with and into SWAG, with SWAG surviving the merger. As a result of the Merger, and upon consummation of the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, SWAG became a wholly owned subsidiary of Otonomo, with the securityholders of SWAG becoming securityholders of Otonomo.

Additionally, on August 13, 2021, in accordance with the terms of the Subscription Agreements, the PIPE Investors were issued an aggregate of 14,250,000 Otonomo ordinary shares at a price per share of $10.00 for gross proceeds to the Company of $142,500,000.

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On the Closing Date, the following securities issuances were made by Otonomo to SWAG’s securityholders: (i) each outstanding share of Class B Stock was exchanged for one ordinary share, (ii) each outstanding share of Class A Stock was exchanged for one ordinary share, and (iii) each outstanding warrant of SWAG was assumed by Otonomo and became a warrant.

In addition, on the Closing Date and in connection with the consummation of the Business Combination, each outstanding preferred share of Otonomo was converted into one ordinary share.

Concurrently with the execution of the Business Combination Agreement, Otonomo and certain selling shareholders (“Secondary Selling Shareholders”) entered into the Share Purchase Agreement with the Secondary PIPE Investors. On August 13, 2021, in accordance with the terms of the Share Purchase Agreement, the Secondary PIPE Investors purchased 3,000,000 Otonomo ordinary shares from the Secondary Selling Shareholders at a purchase price of $10.00 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $30,000,000.

On the Closing Date, after giving effect to the redemption of an aggregate of 5,986,021 shares of Class A Stock in accordance with the terms of SWAG’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation (“SPAC Redemptions”), the securityholders of Otonomo held approximately 73.9% of the 125,634,136 issued and outstanding ordinary shares and the securityholders of SWAG, Sponsor, the PIPE Investors and the Secondary PIPE Investors held the remaining issued and outstanding ordinary shares.

Consideration.

The following represents the aggregate merger consideration (assuming no warrants issued to SWAG warrant holders in accordance with the Business Combination Agreement had been exercised):


	Reflecting Actual Redemptions upon the Closing of the Business Combination on August 13, 2021
(in thousands, except share amounts) (a)	Purchase Price		Shares Issued
Share Consideration to SWAG	$	112,646		15,576,479
PIPE subscription(b)	$	142,500		14,250,000

(a)	The value of ordinary shares is reflected at $10 per share.

(b)	The value of ordinary shares represents the amount not including the Share Purchase Agreement.

The following summarizes the unaudited pro forma Otonomo ordinary shares outstanding, after giving effect to the transactions that occurred on the Closing Date, reflecting no warrants issued to SWAG warrant holders in accordance with the Business Combination Agreement had been exercised:

Ownership


	Reflecting Actual Redemptions upon the Closing of the Business Combination on August 13, 2021
	Shares		%
Total Otonomo
SWAG		15,576,479		13	%
Existing Otonomo Shareholders(c)		92,807,657		74	%
PIPE Shares		14,250,000		11	%
PIPE Secondary(c)		3,000,000		2	%

Total Company Ordinary Shares Outstanding at Closing		125,634,136		100	%

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(c)	The ordinary shares represents the amount after the Share Purchase Agreement transaction.

The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 and the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 are based on the historical financial statements of Otonomo and SWAG. The unaudited pro forma adjustments are based on information currently available, assumptions, and estimates underlying the pro forma adjustments and are described in the accompanying notes. Actual results may differ materially from the assumptions used to present the accompanying unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information.

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UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED BALANCE SHEET

AS OF December 31, 2020

(in thousands)


	as of December 31, 2020						Reflecting Actual Redemptions upon the Closing of the Business Combination on August 13, 2021
	Otonomo (Historical)			SWAG II (Historical)			Pro Forma Adjustments			Adjustments Notes	Pro Forma Combined
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	14,813		$	1,003		$	224,339		(A)	$	240,155
Short term investments		12,800			—			—				12,800
Restricted Cash		171			—			—				171
Account receivables		108			—			—				108
Other receivables and prepaid expenses		206			185			—				391

Total current assets		28,098			1,188			224,339				253,625
NON-CURRENT ASSETS:
Property and Equipment, net		625			—			—				625
Other long term assets		202			—			—		(B)		202
Cash and securities held in Trust Account		—			172,503			(172,503	)	(B)		—

Total non-current assets		827			172,503			(172,503	)			827
TOTAL ASSETS	$	28,925		$	173,691		$	51,836			$	254,452

LIABILITIES
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Account payables	$	343		$	233		$	—			$	576
Other Payables and accrued expenses		2,655			—			3,000		(C)		5,655
Deferred revenue		265			—			—				265
Warrants for redeemable convertible preferred shares		7,731			—			(7,731	)	(D)		—

Total Current Liabilities		10,994			233			(4,731	)			6,496
Deferred underwriting fee payable		—			6,037			(6,037	)	(E)		—
Warrant liability		—			18,820			(11,644	)	(O),(P)		7,176

Total Long Term Liabilities		—			24,857			(17,681	)			7,176
Redeemable convertible preferred shares		77,702			1			(77,703	)	(F)		—
Class A common stock subject to possible redemption		—			143,601			(143,601	)	(G)		—
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT ):
Ordinary shares		—			—			—				—
Additional Paid-In Capital		10,357			9,361			289,016		(H)		308,734
Accumulated Deficit		(70,128	)		(4,362	)		6,536		(I)		(67,954	)

Total Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit)		(59,771	)		4,999			295,552				240,780

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)	$	28,925		$	173,691		$	51,836			$	254,452

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UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED December 31, 2020

(in thousands, except share and per share data)


	as of December 31, 2020						Reflecting Actual Redemptions upon the Closing of the Business Combination on August 13, 2021
	Otonomo (Historical)			SWAG II (Historical)			Pro Forma Adjustments			Adjustments Notes		Pro Forma Combined
Revenues	$	394		$	—		$	—				$	394
Cost of Revenues		1,235			—			—					1,235

Gross Loss		(841	)		—			—					(841	)
Operating Expenses:
Research and Development		8,634			—			560					9,194
Sales and Marketing		5,213			—			700					5,913
General and Administrative		2,540			1,497			1,740					5,777

Total Operating Expenses		16,387			1,497			3,000			AAA		20,884

Operating Loss		17,228			1,497			3,000					21,725
Financial expenses (income), net		2,737			2,865			(5,171	)		BBB		431

Loss (income) before Taxes		19,965			4,362			(2,171	)				22,156
Taxes on Income		76			—			—					76

Net Loss (income)	$	20,041		$	4,362		$	(2,171	)			$	22,232

Net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders, basic and diluted		(0.21	)		(0.82	)
Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding, basic and diluted		94,018,974			5,349,259
Pro forma net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders, basic and diluted													(0.18	)
Pro forma weighted average ordinary shares outstanding, basic and diluted													123,845,453

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

1. Basis of Presentation

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared to illustrate the effect of the Transaction and has been prepared for informational purposes only.

The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 and the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 are based on the historical financial statements of Otonomo and SWAG . The transaction accounting adjustments for the transaction consist of those necessary to account for the transaction.

The unaudited pro forma adjustments are based on information currently available, and assumptions and estimates underlying the unaudited pro forma adjustments are described in the accompanying notes. Actual results may differ materially from the assumptions used to present the accompanying unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information.

Otonomo and SWAG did not have any historical relationship prior to the Transaction. Accordingly, no pro forma adjustments were required to eliminate activities between the companies.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of December 31, 2020, assumes that the Transactions occurred on December 31, 2020. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020, presents pro forma effect to the Transactions as if they had been completed on January 1, 2020.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 has been prepared using, and should be read in conjunction with, the following:

•

Otonomo condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020, and the related notes for the year ended December 31, 2020 included elsewhere in this prospectus; and

•

SWAG ’s condensed balance sheet as of December 31, 2020, and the related notes for the year ended December 31, 2020, included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 has been prepared using, and should be read in conjunction with, the following:

•

Otonomo condensed consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus; and

•

SWAG ’s condensed statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not give effect to any anticipated synergies, operating efficiencies, tax savings, or cost savings that may be associated with the Transactions.

The pro forma adjustments reflecting the consummation of the Transactions are based on certain currently available information and certain assumptions and methodologies that Otonomo believes are reasonable under the circumstances. The unaudited condensed pro forma adjustments, which are described in the accompanying notes, may be revised as additional information becomes available and is evaluated. Therefore, it is likely that the actual adjustments will differ from the pro forma adjustments and it is possible the difference may be material. Otonomo believes that these assumptions and methodologies provide a reasonable basis for presenting all of the significant effects of the Transactions based on information available to management at the time and that the pro forma adjustments give appropriate effect to those assumptions and are properly applied in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information.

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The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information is not necessarily indicative of what the actual results of operations and financial position would have been had the Transactions taken place on the dates indicated, nor are they indicative of the future consolidated results of operations or financial position of the Post-Combination Company. They should be read in conjunction with the historical financial statements and notes thereto of Otonomo and SWAG .

2. Accounting Policies

Upon consummation of the Business Combination, management will perform a comprehensive review of the two entities’ accounting policies. As a result of the review, management may identify differences between the accounting policies of the two entities which, when conformed, could have a material impact on the financial statements of the Post-Combination Company. Based on its initial analysis, management did not identify any differences that would have a material impact on the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information. As a result, the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not assume any differences in accounting policies.

3. Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared to illustrate the effect of the Transactions and has been prepared for informational purposes only. The adjustments presented on the unaudited pro forma combined financial statements have been identified and presented to provide relevant information necessary for an accurate understanding of the Company upon consummation of the Merger. SWAG and Otonomo have not had any historical relationship prior to the Business Combination. Accordingly, no pro forma adjustments were required to eliminate activities between the companies.

The unaudited pro forma combined provision for income taxes does not necessarily reflect the amounts that would have resulted had the Post-Combination Company filed consolidated income tax returns during the period presented.

The unaudited pro forma basic and diluted earnings per share amounts presented in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of operations are based upon the number of Otonomo’s shares outstanding, assuming the Transactions occurred on January 1, 2020.

Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Balance Sheet

The adjustments included in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 are as follows:

(A)

Represents pro forma adjustments to the cash balance to reflect the following:


	(in thousands)
Reclassification of Marketable securities held in Trust Account	$	172,503		(B	)
Redemption of SWAG Class A Stock		(59,863	)	(L	)
Issuance costs paid in Cash		(24,764	)	(J	)
Deferred underwriting fee payable		(6,037	)	(E	)
Proceeds from PIPE		142,500		(K	)

		224,339

(B)

Reflects the reclassification of $172.5 million of marketable securities held in the Trust Account that became available following the Business Combination or redeemed.

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(C)

Reflects new compensation arrangements executed with six key executives in connection with the Business Combination, resulting in a one-time bonuses of $3.0 million for these executives, which were payable upon closing of the Business Combination and vest within a period of one year.

(D)

Reflects the automatic exercise of 1,179,231 warrants to pre-Business Combination (“Legacy”) Otonomo convertible preferred shares into 1,179,231 Legacy Otonomo ordinary shares upon the consummation of the Transactions.

(E)

Represents the payout of $6.0 million deferred underwriting fees paid out after the Business Combination.

(F)

Reflects the conversion of 62,914,408 Legacy Otonomo convertible preferred shares into 62,914,408 Legacy Otonomo ordinary shares.

(G)

The aggregate value of the shares of SWAG common stock subject to redemption was $143.6 million (net of the amount redeemed in the amount of $59.9 million).

(H)

Represents pro forma adjustments to additional paid-in capital to reflect the following:


	($ in thousands)
Payment of transaction fees for Legacy Otonomo		(24,764	)	(J)
Reclassification of warrants from Liability to APIC		7,731		(D)
Conversion of Legacy Otonomo preferred stock to Legacy Otonomo ordinary shares		77,703		(F)
Reclassification of Class A Stock subject to redemption		143,601		(G)
Redemption of SWAG Class A Stock		(59,863	)	(L)
Issuance of ordinary shares to PIPE Investors		142,500		(K)
Reclassification of SWAG expenses		(4,362	)	(N)
Adjustment to fair value of Otonomo’s warrant for redeemable convertible preferred shares .		(3,279	)	(M)
Reclassification of public warrant to additional paid in capital		11,644		(P)
Adjustment to revaluation of public warrants		(1,380	)	(Q)
Transaction costs allocated to public warrants		(515	)	(S)

		289,016

(I)

Represents pro forma adjustments to accumulated deficit balance to reflect the following:


	($ in thousands)
Adjustment to fair value of Otonomo’s warrant for redeemable convertible preferred shares		3,279		(M)
Formation and operating costs recorded in SWAG		4,362		(N)
Compensation arrangements to key executives		(3,000	)	(C)
Adjustment to revaluation of public warrants		1,380		(Q)
Transaction costs allocated to public warrants		515		(S)

		6,536

(J)

Represents transaction costs of approximately $24.8 million incurred by Legacy Otonomo.

(K)

Reflects the proceeds of $142.5 million from the issuance and sale of 14,250,000 ordinary shares at $10.00 per share in a private placement pursuant to the Subscription Agreements.

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(L)

Represents the redemption of $59.9 million of shares by SWAG stockholders who chose to redeem their shares.

(M)

Represents an adjustment to fair value of Otonomo’s warrant for redeemable convertible preferred shares as if the Transactions occurred as of the beginning of the period.

(N)

Represents the amount of the formation expenses, warrant revaluation costs and operating costs recorded in SWAG.

(O)

Assuming the value remains unchanged as each outstanding warrant of SWAG was assumed by Otonomo and became a warrant of Otonomo.

(P)

Reflects pro forma adjustments to warrant liability:


	($ in thousands)
Adjustment to revaluation of public warrants		(1,380	)	(Q)
Reclassification of public warrant to additional paid in capital		(10,264	)	(R)

		(11,644	)

(Q)

Reflects the cancellation of adjustment to fair value recorded in SWAG on the Public warrant.

(R)

Reflects the reclassification of $10.3 million related to public warrants.

(S)

Represents transaction costs of approximately $0.5 million related to public warrants.

Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statements of Operations

AAA Reflects new compensation arrangements executed with six key executives in connection with the Business Combination (see also (C)).

BBB Represents pro forma adjustments to Financial expenses (income), net:


	($ in thousands)
Adjustment to fair value of Otonomo’s warrant for redeemable convertible preferred shares		(3,279	)	(M)
Adjustment to revaluation of public warrants		(1,380	)	(Q)
Transaction costs allocated to public warrants		(515	)	(S)
Interest earned on marketable securities held in Trust Account		3

		(5,171	)

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4. Loss per Share

Net loss per share calculated using the historical weighted average shares outstanding, and the issuance of additional shares in connection with the Transactions, assuming the shares were outstanding since January 1, 2020. As the Transactions are being reflected as if they had occurred at the beginning of the period presented, the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding for basic and diluted net loss per share assumes that the shares issuable relating to the Transactions have been outstanding for the entire period presented. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared reflecting actual redemptions upon the closing of the Business Combination on August 13, 2021.


	Reflecting Actual Redemptions upon the Closing of the Business Combination on August 13, 2021
	Year Ended December 31, 2020
Pro forma net loss (in thousands)	$	(22,232	)
Weighted average shares outstanding—basic and diluted		123,845,453
Net loss per share—basic and diluted(1)		(0.18	)
Weighted average shares outstanding—basic and diluted
SWAG Public Stockholders		11,263,979
Holders of SWAG Sponsor Shares		4,312,500
PIPE Investors		14,250,000
Legacy Otonomo stockholders(2)		30,668,412
Legacy Otonomo Converted preferred shares(2)		62,319,947
Legacy Otonomo Converted warrants(2)		1,030,615

		123,845,453

(1)	The pro forma shares attributable to Legacy Otonomo shareholders is calculated by applying the exchange ratio of 1 to the historical Legacy Otonomo ordinary shares and preferred stock that was outstanding as of merger.

(2)	The pro forma basic and diluted shares of Legacy Otonomo shareholders exclude 10.2 million of unexercised employee stock options, as these are not deemed a participating security and their effect is antidilutive.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of Otonomo’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis, including information with respect to Otonomo’s planned investments in its research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative functions, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the sections titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” for a discussion of forward-looking statements and important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Overview

Otonomo is a leading

one-stop

shop for vehicle data. Since its founding in 2015, Otonomo has built the Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform and marketplace that fuels an ecosystem powered by data from 19 vehicle manufacturer (OEM) agreements, fleets, and other data providers. The platform securely ingests over 4.3 billion data points per day from over 40 million connected vehicles worldwide and then reshapes and enriches the data in order to accelerate the time to market for new services that improve the

in-and-around

As part of its proprietary data platform, Otonomo has developed a robust suite of SaaS offerings that provide both OEMs and service providers with additional capabilities, and that incorporate vertically specific applications to meet different privacy, regulation, storage, visualization and data insight needs.

Otonomo generates the majority of its revenue from fees charged to customers based on data points consumed through its platform. Otonomo also generates revenue through services relating to proprietary features through its platform.

Otonomo’s customers typically enter into contractual arrangements with terms up to three-years. Otonomo charges these customers based on data points consumed or per VIN per month. Some customers, especially smaller organizations, consume data points on Otonomo’s platform through the self-serve platform on an

on-demand

basis for which Otonomo charges based on data points or trips consumed.

Otonomo’s

go-to-market

strategy is focused on expanding its access to data through partnering with OEMs, fleets and other data providers, acquiring new customers and driving continued use of Otonomo’s platform for existing customers.

Otonomo pursues strategic partnerships with OEMs, fleets and other data providers through a dedicated team segmented by geographical regions. Otonomo focuses its selling efforts on organizations of various sizes, within specific customer segments, and licenses access to Otonomo’s platform through a direct sales force which is segmented by geographical regions.

Otonomo’s platform is used globally by organizations of all sizes across a broad range of industries. As of December 31, 2020, Otonomo had 22 total customers, increasing from 4 as of December 31, 2019. For the year

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ended December 31, 2019, Otonomo had three customers that accounted for 12%, 20% and 63%, respectively, of its revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2020, Otonomo had two customers, a leading mapping service provider and Mitsubishi, that accounted for approximately 12% and 30%, respectively, of its revenues.

Mitsubishi accounted for approximately 30% of Otonomo’s revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020. Otonomo has entered into two agreements with Mitsubishi pursuant to which revenue was generated during 2020: (a) a standard Vehicle-Data Marketplace Agreement (the “Marketplace Agreement”) and (b) an IOT HUB Software License Agreement (the “IOT Agreement”).

The Marketplace Agreement governs Mitsubishi’s use of Otonomo’s vehicle-data marketplace platform and Otonomo’s rights to commercialize Mitsubishi’s commercial data. The Marketplace Agreement expires in June 2023 and either party may terminate the agreement upon six months prior written notice. In addition, either party may terminate certain provisions of the Marketplace Agreement relating to data details and specifications upon three months prior written notice. The agreement also contains customary mutual provisions relating to warranties, privacy and indemnification.

In accordance with the terms of the IOT Agreement, Otonomo’s server software services and interface software enables the application or service developed by Mitsubishi to access and communicate its vehicle data to Otonomo’s vehicle-data marketplace platform and allows Otonomo to commercialize Mitsubishi’s data to its data customers through the marketplace platform. The IOT Agreement terminates concurrently with the Marketplace Agreement. Pursuant to the IOT Agreement, Mitsubishi pays Otonomo a base annual fee with additional fees to be paid based on the number of active users on the marketplace platform. The IOT Agreement also contains customary mutual provisions relating to representations and warranties, indemnification and confidentiality.

Business Combination Agreement

On January 31, 2021, we entered into the Business Combination Agreement with SWAG and Merger Sub. Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into SWAG, with SWAG surviving the merger. On August 13, 2021, upon the consummation of the Business Combination and the Transactions, SWAG became a wholly owned subsidiary of Otonomo.

Key Factors Affecting Otonomo’s Performance

Expanding Otonomo’s Data Supplier Base

Otonomo currently has 19 OEM agreements. In addition to data provided by these OEMs Otonomo receives data from fleet operators and TSPs. Otonomo believes that there is an opportunity to expand its data supplier base by entering into partnership relationships with additional OEMs, fleet operators and TSPs and to expand its existing OEM relationships with new series models and geographies. Furthermore, Otonomo sees an opportunity to add new types of data suppliers (e.g., light construction vehicles) to further differentiate its platform and drive additional data consumption by its customers.

Adoption of Otonomo’s Platform

Otonomo’s future success depends in a large part on the market adoption of its platform. While Otonomo sees growing demand for its platform, particularly from large enterprises, seeking easy access to rich, secure and compliant vehicle data on which to base value-added services they wish to develop and market, to their customers. While this makes it difficult to predict customer adoption rates and future demand, Otonomo believes that the benefits of its platform put it in a strong position to capture the significant market opportunity ahead.

Expanding Within Otonomo’s Existing Customer Base

Otonomo’s diverse base of customers represents a significant opportunity for further consumption of the data within its platform. While Otonomo has seen a rapid increase in the number of its customers, Otonomo

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believes that there is a substantial opportunity to expand the usage of its platform within its existing customers. Otonomo plans to continue investing in its direct sales force to encourage increased data consumption and adoption of new use cases among its existing customers.

Once deployed, Otonomo’s customers often expand their use of its platform more broadly within the enterprise and across their ecosystem of customers and partners as they identify new use cases and realize the benefits of its platform.

In any given period, there is a risk that customer consumption of Otonomo’s platform will be lower than Otonomo expects, which may cause fluctuations in Otonomo’s revenue and results of operations. Otonomo’s ability to increase usage of its platform by existing customers, and, in particular, by large enterprise customers, will depend on a number of factors, including its customers’ satisfaction with its platform, competition, pricing, availability and quality of data, overall changes in Otonomo’s customers’ spending levels and the effectiveness of Otonomo’s efforts to help its customers realize the benefits of its platform.

Acquiring New Customers

Otonomo believes there is a substantial opportunity to further grow its customer base by continuing to make significant investments in sales, marketing and brand awareness. Otonomo’s ability to attract new customers will depend on a number of factors, including its success in recruiting and scaling its sales and marketing organization and competitive dynamics in its target markets. Otonomo intends to expand its direct sales force, with a focus on increasing sales in targeted geographies and customer segments. Otonomo may not achieve anticipated revenue growth from expanding its sales force to focus on large enterprises if it is unable to hire, develop, integrate, and retain talented and effective sales personnel; if its new and existing sales personnel are unable to achieve desired productivity levels in a reasonable period of time; or if its sales and marketing programs are not effective.

Investing in Growth and Scaling our Business

Otonomo is focused on its long-term revenue potential. Otonomo believes that its market opportunity is large, and Otonomo will continue to invest significantly in scaling across all organizational functions in order to grow its operations both domestically and internationally. Otonomo has a history of introducing successful new features and capabilities on its platform, and it intends to continue to invest heavily to grow its business to take advantage of its expansive market opportunity rather than optimize for profitability or cash flow in the near future.

Key Business Metric

Otonomo monitors the key business metric set forth below to help it evaluate its business and growth trends, establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of its sales and marketing efforts, and assess operational efficiencies. The calculation of the key metric discussed below may differ from other similarly titled metrics used by other companies, securities analysts or investors.

Number of OEM Data Agreements

Otonomo will continue to monitor the number of direct and indirect agreements with OEM entities for different sets of data and SaaS. The number of agreements with OEMs will directly impact the results of operations, including revenues and gross margins for the foreseeable future.

Impact of

COVID-19

The

COVID-19

pandemic began causing general business disruption worldwide in January 2020. The full extent to which the

COVID-19

pandemic will directly or indirectly impact Otonomo’s business, results of

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operations, cash flows and financial condition will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted. Otonomo has experienced, and may continue to experience, a modest adverse impact on certain parts of its business following the implementation of

shelter-in-place

orders to mitigate the outbreak of

COVID-19,

including a lengthening of the sales cycle for some prospective customers and delays in the delivery of professional services and trainings to Otonomo’s customers. Otonomo has also experienced, and may continue to experience, a modest positive impact on other aspects of its business, including an increase in consumption of its platform by existing customers.

Moreover, Otonomo has seen slower growth in certain operating expenses due to reduced business travel, deferred hiring for some positions and the virtualization or cancellation of customer and employee events. While a reduction in operating expenses may have an immediate positive impact on Otonomo’s results of operations, Otonomo does not yet have visibility into the full impact this will have on its business. Otonomo cannot predict how long it will continue to experience these impacts as

shelter-in-place

orders and other related measures are expected to change over time. Its results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition have not been adversely impacted to date. However, as certain of Otonomo’s customers or partners experience downturns or uncertainty in their own business operations or revenue resulting from the spread of

COVID-19,

they may continue to decrease or delay their spending, request pricing discounts, or seek renegotiations of their contracts, any of which may result in decreased revenue and cash receipts for Otonomo. In addition, Otonomo may experience customer losses, including due to bankruptcy or Otonomo’s customers ceasing operations, which may result in an inability to collect accounts receivable from these customers. In addition, in response to the spread of

COVID-19,

Otonomo has required substantially all of its employees to work remotely to minimize the risk of the virus to its employees and the communities in which it operates. Otonomo may take further actions as may be required by government authorities or that it determines are in the best interests of its employees, customers, and business partners.

The global impact of

COVID-19

continues to rapidly evolve, and Otonomo will continue to monitor the situation and the effects on its business and operations closely. Otonomo does not yet know the full extent of potential impacts on its business or operations or on the global economy as a whole, particularly if the

COVID-19

pandemic continues and persists for an extended period of time. Given the uncertainty, Otonomo cannot reasonably estimate the impact on its future results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition. For additional details, see the section titled “

Risk Factors

.”

Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

Otonomo derives its revenues from subscription revenues, which are comprised of subscription fees from customers accessing Otonomo’s enterprise cloud computing services (“SaaS subscriptions”).

Otonomo elected to adopt Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), effective as of January 1, 2018, utilizing the full retrospective method of adoption. Accordingly, the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020 are presented under ASC 606. Under ASC 606, Otonomo determines revenue recognition through the following five- step framework:

•

identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer;

•

identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

•

determination of the transaction price;

•

allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

•

recognition of revenue when, or as, Otonomo satisfies a performance obligation.

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Otonomo’s SaaS subscriptions revenues consist primarily of fees to provide Otonomo’s customers access to its cloud-based platform, which includes routine customer support. Subscription service contracts do not provide customers with the right to take possession of the software, are cancelable, and do not contain general rights of return. Generally, subscription revenues are recognized ratably over the contractual term of the arrangement, beginning on the date that the service is made available to the customer.

Subscription contracts typically have a term of one to three years and based on

fixed-fee

or a pay per use basis. For

fixed-fee

basis contracts, invoicing occurring in annual or monthly installments at the beginning of each year of the subscription period or at the end of each month, respectively. For pay per use basis contracts, Otonomo applies the

‘as-invoiced’

practical expedient that permits Otonomo to recognize revenue in the amount to which it has a right to invoice the customer.

Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the services either on their own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or from Otonomo, and are distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the services is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract.

Otonomo provides access to its cloud-hosted software, without providing the customer with the right to take possession of its software, which Otonomo considers to be a single performance obligation.

If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. For contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, Otonomo allocates the transaction price for each contract to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling price for each performance obligation. In instances where performance obligations do not have observable standalone sales, Otonomo utilizes available information that may include market conditions, pricing strategies, the economic life of the software, and other observable inputs or uses the expected cost-plus margin approach to estimate the price Otonomo would charge if the products and services were sold separately.

Incremental costs of obtaining a contract that are eligible to capitalization, were immaterial during the reported periods.

Contract assets consist of unbilled accounts receivable, which occur when a right to consideration for Otonomo’s performance under the customer contract occurs before invoicing to the customer. The amount of unbilled accounts receivable included within accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets was immaterial for the periods presented.

Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue. Revenue is deferred when Otonomo invoices in advance of performance under a contract. The current portion of the deferred revenue balance is recognized as revenue during the

12-month

period after the balance sheet date.

Allocation of Overhead Costs

Overhead costs that are not substantially dedicated for use by a specific functional group are allocated based on headcount. Such costs include costs associated with office facilities, depreciation of property and equipment, and

IT-related

personnel and other expenses, such as software and subscription services.

Cost of Services

Cost of services consists primarily of expenses related to purchase of data from data suppliers, amounts paid to data suppliers under revenue sharing or fixed price arrangements, third-party cloud infrastructure expenses incurred in connection with Otonomo’s customers’ use of Otonomo’s platform and the maintenance of

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Otonomo’s platform on public clouds, including different regional deployments, and personnel-related costs associated with customer support and professional services, including salaries, benefits, bonuses and share-based compensation. Cost of services also includes allocated overhead costs.

Otonomo intends to continue to invest additional resources in its platform infrastructure and its customer support and professional services organizations to support the growth of its business. Some of these investments, including certain data purchase costs, support costs and costs of expanding its business internationally, are incurred in advance of generating revenue, and the failure to generate anticipated revenue or fluctuations in the timing of revenue could affect Otonomo’s gross margin from period to period.

Operating Expenses

Otonomo’s operating expenses consist of sales and marketing, research and development, and general and administrative expenses. Personnel costs are the most significant component of operating expenses and consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, share-based compensation, and sales commissions. Operating expenses also include allocated overhead costs.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses associated with Otonomo’s research and development and product development teams, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and share-based compensation. Research and development expenses also include contractor or professional services fees, third-party cloud infrastructure expenses incurred in developing Otonomo’s platform, and computer equipment, software, and subscription services dedicated for use by its research and development and organization. Otonomo expects that its research and development expenses will increase in absolute dollars as its business grows, particularly as Otonomo incurs additional costs related to continued investments in its platform and SaaS products. However, Otonomo expects that its research and development expenses will decrease as a percentage of its revenue over time.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses associated with Otonomo’s sales and marketing staff, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, share-based compensation and travel. Marketing expenses also include third-party software tools required for marketing automation and consulting and advertising costs. Otonomo expects these costs to increase over time as the market expands and additional tools are implemented. Prior to the disruption of international travel caused by the

COVID-19

pandemic beginning in January 2020, sales and marketing expenses also included international travel of personnel and expenses related to trade shows and other marketing events. Otonomo expects that its sales and marketing expenses will increase in absolute dollars as Otonomo grows its business. However, Otonomo expects that its sales and marketing expenses will decrease as a percentage of its revenue over time.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for Otonomo’s finance, legal, human resources, facilities, and administrative personnel, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and share- based compensation. General and administrative expenses also include external legal, accounting, bookkeeping and other professional services fees, software and subscription services dedicated for use by Otonomo’s general and administrative functions, and other corporate expenses. General and administrative expenses also include allocated overhead costs.

Following the closing of this Business Combination, Otonomo expects to incur additional expenses as a result of becoming a public company, including costs to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to

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companies listed on a national securities exchange, costs related to compliance and reporting obligations, and increased expenses for insurance, investor relations, and professional services. Otonomo expects that its general and administrative expenses will increase in absolute dollars as its business grows but will decrease as a percentage of its revenue over time.

Financial Income (Expense), Net

Financial income (expense), net consists primarily of interest income earned on Otonomo’s cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments and currency related adjustments. Additionally, in 2020, adjustments related to changes in value of Otonomo’s warrants for redeemable convertible preferred shares were charged to financial expenses.

Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes consists primarily of income taxes in certain foreign and state jurisdictions in which Otonomo conducts business. Valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount more likely than not to be realized.

Results of Operations

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The following table sets forth Otonomo’s consolidated results of operations data for the periods presented:

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2020

Revenue


	Year Ended December 31,				Change		Change
	2019		2020		$		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Total	$	129	$	394	$	265		205	%

Revenue increased by approximately $265 thousand, or 205%, to approximately $394 thousand for 2020, from approximately $129 thousand for 2019, primarily due to the launch of Otonomo’s active marketplace in 2020, the increase in onboarding OEM data, the development of SaaS features and Otonomo’s increase in total customers from 4 as of December 31, 2019 to 22 as of December 31, 2020.

Cost of Services and Gross Margin


	Year Ended December 31,						Change		Change
	2019			2020			$		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Cost of services	$	1,191		$	1,235		$	44		4	%
Gross margin		(823	)%		(213	)%

Cost of services increase by approximately $44 thousand, or 4%, to approximately $1,235 thousand for 2020, from approximately $1,191 thousand for 2019. The increase in cost of services was primarily due to increases in revenue together with decreases in fixed payments to Otonomo’s data providers and the renewal of contracts with revenue-sharing terms. Gross margin increased from (823)% for 2019 to (213)% for 2020. The decrease was primarily due to the increase in revenues and decrease in fixed-price payments to data providers.

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Operating Expenses


	Year Ended December 31,				Change			Change
	2019		2020		$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Research and development	$	8,237	$	8,634	$	397			5	%
Sales and marketing		8,108		5,213		(2,895	)		(36	)%
General and administrative		2,852		2,540		(312	)		(11	)%

Total operating expenses	$	19,197	$	16,387	$	2,810			(15	)%

Research and Development

Research and development expenses increased by approximately $397 thousand, or 5%, to approximately $8,634 thousand for 2020, from approximately $8,237 thousand for 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in employee headcount related expenses and an increase in IT software.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by approximately $2,895 thousand, or 36%, to approximately $5,213 thousand for 2020 from approximately $8,108 thousand for 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to headcount related expenses, and decreases in expenses associated with travel and tradeshows due to

COVID-19.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $312 thousand, or 11%, to approximately $2,540 thousand for 2020 from approximately $2,852 thousand for 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in travel expenses due to

COVID-19

and a reduction in professional fees.

Financial (Expense) Income, Net


	Year Ended December 31,					Change			Change
	2019		2020			$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Financial (Expense) Income, Net	$	1,226	$	(2,737	)	$	(3,963	)		(323	)%

Financial expense was $2,737 thousand in 2020 compared to financial income of $1,226 thousand in 2019. The decrease was primarily related to a change in the value of the warrants in the amount of $3,271 thousand.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since inception, Otonomo has financed its operations primarily through proceeds received from sales of equity securities and payments received from its customers as further detailed below. As of December 31, 2020, and 2019, Otonomo’s principal sources of liquidity were cash, cash equivalents, and short-term and long-term investments totaling $27,613 and $22,096, respectively. Its investments consist of US and Israeli deposits.

Otonomo believes that its existing cash, cash equivalents, and short-term and long-term investments will be sufficient to support working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date of this prospectus. Otonomo’s future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including its revenue growth rate, the timing and the amount of cash received from customers, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the timing and extent of spending to support development efforts, the price at which Otonomo is able to purchase public cloud capacity, expenses associated with its international expansion, the

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introduction of platform enhancements, and the continuing market adoption of its platform. In the future, Otonomo may enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, products, and technologies. Otonomo may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. In the event that Otonomo requires additional financing, it may not be able to raise such financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. If Otonomo is unable to raise additional capital or generate cash flows necessary to expand its operations and invest in continued innovation, Otonomo may not be able to compete successfully, which would harm its business, results of operations, and financial condition.

The following table shows a summary of Otonomo’s cash flows for the periods presented:


	Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019			2020
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(17,304	)	$	(14,135	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	9,979		$	(1,832	)
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	2,736		$	20,100

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and short-term restricted cash equivalents	$	(4,589	)	$	4,133

Operating Activities

Otonomo’s primary uses of cash from operating activities are for personnel-related expenses, sales and marketing expenses, third-party cloud infrastructure expenses and overhead expenses. Otonomo has generated negative cash flows and has supplemented working capital through net proceeds from the sale of equity securities.

Cash used in operating activities mainly consist of Otonomo’s net loss adjusted for certain

non-cash

items, including share-based compensation, change in the value of the warrants, depreciation expenses and changes in operating assets and liabilities during each period.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, net cash used in operating activities was approximately $17.3 million and $14.1 million, respectively. The primary factors affecting operating cash flows during these periods were net losses of approximately $19.1 million and $20.0 million during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2020, respectively, as well as

non-cash

charges of approximately $2.0 million and approximately $4.7 million during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Investing Activities

Cash provided by investing activities during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 was $(1,832) thousand as a result of net release of short-term investments of $(1,393) thousand and purchases of property and equipment to support additional office facilities of $(420) thousand.

Cash used in investing activities during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 was $9,979 thousand as a result of net purchases of investments of $10,263 thousand and purchases of property and equipment to support additional office facilities of $(177) thousand.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2020 was $2,736 thousand and $20,100 thousand, respectively, primarily as a result of proceeds from the issuance of equity securities.

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Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes Otonomo’s contractual obligations as of December 31, 2020:


	(in thousands)
	Total		Less than 1 year		1 to 3 years		3 to 5 years		More than 5 years
Operating lease obligation (1)	$	964	$	482	$	482	$	—	$	—
Total	$	964	$	482	$	482	$	—	$	—

(1)	Primarily represents future minimum lease payments under our non-cancelable operating lease which expires in 2022. The minimum lease payments above do not include any related common area maintenance charges, operating expenses or real estate taxes.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Otonomo is exposed to market risk in the ordinary course of its business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact Otonomo’s financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Otonomo’s market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.

Interest Rate Risk

As of December 31, 2020, Otonomo had approximately $27.6 million of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term and long-term investments in a ILS and US linked deposit. In addition, Otonomo had approximately $0.2 million of restricted cash primarily due to outstanding letters of credit established in connection with lease agreements for Otonomo’s facilities and to secure Otonomo’s credit card obligations. Otonomo’s cash, cash equivalents, and short-term and long-term investments are held for working capital purposes. Otonomo does not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. A hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in interest rates would have resulted in a decrease of approximately $0.4 million or an increase of approximately $1.5 million in the market value of Otonomo’s cash equivalents, and short-term and long-term investments as of December 31, 2020.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Otonomo’s reporting currency and the functional currency of its wholly owned foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Otonomo’s sales are currently denominated in U.S. dollars and Euros, and therefore its Euro dominated revenue is currently subject to significant foreign currency risk. Otonomo’s operating expenses are denominated in the currencies of the countries in which its operations are located, which are primarily in Israel, USA and Germany, Otonomo’s consolidated results of operations and cash flows are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign exchange rates. To date, Otonomo has not entered any hedging arrangements with respect to foreign currency risk or other derivative financial instruments, although it may choose to do so in the future. Otonomo does not believe a 10% increase or decrease in the relative value of the U.S. dollar would have a material impact on its operating results.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Otonomo’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of consolidated financial statements also requires Otonomo’s to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. Otonomo bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ significantly from the estimates made by management. To the extent that there are differences between Otonomo’s estimates and actual results, its future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows will be affected.

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Otonomo believes that the accounting policies described below involve a substantial degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, these are the policies Otonomo believes are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating its consolidated financial condition and results of operations. For further information, see Note 2 to Otonomo’s consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Revenue Recognition

Otonomo accounts for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue From Contracts With Customers (ASC 606) for all periods presented.

Subscription contracts typically have a term of one to three years and based on

fixed-fee

or a pay per use basis. For

fixed-fee

‘as-invoiced’

practical expedient that permits Otonomo to recognize revenue in the amount to which it has a right to invoice the customer.

Otonomo provides access to its cloud-hosted software, without providing the customer with the right to take possession of its software, which Otonomo considers to be a single performance obligation.

Incremental costs of obtaining a contract that are eligible to capitalization, were immaterial during the reported periods.

12-month

period after the balance sheet date.

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Share-Based Compensation

Otonomo measures share options and other share-based awards granted to its employees, consultants or advisors or its affiliates based on their fair value on the date of the grant and recognizes compensation expense of those awards, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. Otonomo applies the straight-line method of expense recognition to all awards with only service-based vesting conditions.

Otonomo estimates the fair value of each share option grant on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which uses as inputs the fair value of the ordinary shares and assumptions for the volatility of the ordinary shares, the expected term of its share options, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the expected term of its share options and their expected dividend yield.

Determination of the Fair Value of the Ordinary Shares

The fair value of the ordinary shares underlying Otonomo’s share-based awards has historically been determined by Otonomo’s board of directors, with input from management and corroboration from contemporaneous third-party valuations. Otonomo believes that its board of directors has the relevant experience and expertise to determine the fair value of its ordinary shares. Given the absence of a public trading market for the ordinary shares, and in accordance with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, Otonomo’s board of directors exercised reasonable judgment and considered numerous objective and subjective factors to determine the best estimate of the fair value of the ordinary shares at each grant date. These factors include:

•

contemporaneous valuations of the ordinary shares performed by independent third-party specialists;

•

the prices, rights, preferences, and privileges of the Otonomo preferred shares relative to those of the ordinary shares;

•

the lack of marketability inherent in the ordinary shares;

•

Otonomo’s actual operating and financial performance;

•

Otonomo’s current business conditions and projections;

•

the history of Otonomo and the introduction of new products;

•

Otonomo’s stage of development;

•

the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering (IPO), a merger, or acquisition of Otonomo, given prevailing market conditions;

•

the operational and financial performance of comparable publicly traded companies; and

•

the U.S. and global capital market conditions and overall economic conditions.

Otonomo’s valuations were prepared in accordance with the guidelines in the Practice Guide, which prescribes several valuation approaches for setting the value of an enterprise, such as the cost, income and market approaches, and various methodologies for allocating the value of an enterprise to the ordinary shares. For valuations from June 2016 to February 2020, Otonomo utilized the option pricing backsolve method, or OPM, based upon recent financing rounds of Series Seed Preferred Shares, which Otonomo believed was the most appropriate for each of the valuations of the ordinary shares. The OPM treats Otonomo’s security classes as call options on total equity value and allocates its equity value across its security classes based on the rights and preferences of the securities within the capital structure under an assumed liquidation event. The OPM method is used when the range of possible future outcomes is difficult to predict and forecasts would be highly speculative. Otonomo believed this method was the most appropriate given the expectation of various potential liquidity outcomes and the difficulty of selecting appropriate enterprise values given our early stage of development.

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For the May 2020 valuation, in valuing the ordinary shares, the fair value of Otonomo’s business was determined using the income approach with input from management. The income approach estimates value based on the expectation of future cash flows that a company will generate. These future cash flows are discounted to their present values using a discount rate that is derived from an analysis of the cost of capital of comparable publicly traded companies in Otonomo’s industry or similar business operations as of each valuation date and is adjusted to reflect the risks inherent in Otonomo’s cash flows. The fair value of Otonomo’s business determined by the income approach was then allocated to the ordinary shares using the option-pricing method (OPM).

For the September and December 2020 valuations, Otonomo utilized a hybrid model of two scenarios: (1) M&A and (2) IPO. The M&A scenario was based on the fair value of Otonomo’s business using the income approach with input from management. The IPO scenario was based on various market indications and discussions with potential investors.

Application of these approaches and methodologies involves the use of estimates, judgments, and assumptions that are highly complex and subjective, such as those regarding Otonomo’s expected future revenue, expenses, and future cash flows, discount rates, the selection of comparable public companies, and the probability of and timing associated with possible future events. Changes in any or all of these estimates and assumptions or the relationships between those assumptions impact Otonomo’s valuations as of each valuation date and may have a material impact on the valuation of ordinary shares.

Once a public trading market for the ordinary shares has been established in connection with the completion of the Business Combination, Otonomo’s board of directors will determine the fair value of each share of underlying ordinary shares based on the closing price of the ordinary shares as reported on the date of grant. Future expense amounts for any particular period could be affected by changes in Otonomo’s assumptions or market conditions.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 to Otonomo’s financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted as of the date of this prospectus.

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BUSINESS

Otonomo is a leading

one-stop

shop for vehicle data. Since its founding in 2015, Otonomo has built the Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform and marketplace that fuels an ecosystem powered by data from 19 vehicle manufacturer (OEM) agreements, fleets, and other data providers, and enables the licensing of data to approximately 145 service providers. The platform securely ingests over 4.3 billion data points per day from over 40 million connected vehicles worldwide and then reshapes and enriches the data in order to accelerate the time to market for new services that improve the

in-and-around

As part of its proprietary data platform, Otonomo has developed a robust suite of

software-as-a-service

An Overview of the Otonomo Platform and Marketplace

Otonomo delivers the Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform and marketplace that enables car manufacturers, drivers and service providers to be part of a connected ecosystem. Otonomo’s vehicle data marketplace is a neutral intermediary between vehicle data providers and data consumers. It provides secure and equal access to hundreds of data attributes that reveal insights into driver behavior, vehicle health, road hazards, environmental conditions and traffic trends.

The vehicle data Otonomo delivers is rich and may include, among other data, status attributes for:

•

cabin data, including the state of doors and windows, ADAS, and infotainment data;

•

engine-related information such as fuel, oil, error codes or battery voltage and state of charge;

•

maintenance data such as time or distance traveled and diagnostic trouble codes (DTC);

•

data related to the specific vehicle, like make, model, year and fuel type;

•

driving data such as location, distance travelled, odometer, heading and speed; and

•

environmental data ranging from external weather and temperature, to road hazards and road signs.

The Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform uses proprietary technology to ingest, secure, cleanse, normalize, aggregate, and enrich vehicle data from 19 vehicle manufacturer (OEM) agreements, as well as fleets, other data providers and enables the licensing of data to approximately 145 service providers. It focuses on data structuring and preparation, including consent management, transmission to marketplace, data cleaning, filtering, validating, consolidating, blurring, normalizing and indexing, and also offers services to process, store, enrich and visualize

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data. Otonomo believes that the Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform is the first neutral vehicle data platform that provides straightforward and secure data access and transforms data into actionable insights for services such as preventative maintenance, EV management, emergency services,

on-demand

fueling, insurance and smart cities. Privacy by design is at the core of the platform, which enables EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and other privacy-regulation-compliant solutions using both personal and aggregate data.

Understanding the Data

Otonomo collects vehicle-specific and aggregated data from vehicle data providers, such as OEMs, fleets and TSPs. Personal or vehicle specific data refers to data that is collected from a specific vehicle or group of vehicles and includes personally identifiable information (“PII”), such as vehicle identification number (“VIN”). Aggregated data refers to data that is collected from multiple sources and compiled into data summaries or summary reports.

The Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform connects to our data providers’ respective data centers via application programming interfaces (“APIs”), and provides data consumers with application-ready, enriched datasets and insights. This eliminates the need for data consumers to invest the significant amount of development work required to utilize connected vehicle data in applications and services. OEMs, other data providers and data consumers use the Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform and marketplace to efficiently share and utilize vehicle data and offer drivers advanced

in-car

services, while meeting security, privacy and data regulation requirements. Otonomo generates revenue for these data providers by the utilization of the data by data consumers in various segments, primarily smart cities, transportation companies, fleet services, insurance companies, financial institutions and dealerships.

Otonomo customers use vehicle data depending on their specific needs and purposes. The data can be shared in personalized or blurred form, and on an individual, aggregate, or fleet level. Additionally, the data can be delivered in a near real-time or as historical data. Aggregate data is used for, among other things, traffic flow optimization, mapping, infrastructure planning, road hazard identification, congestion management, preventative maintenance, R&D optimization, location intelligence and media measurement. Vehicle specific data is used for, among other things, services delivering roadside assistance, electric vehicle charging services, occupant safety, subscription-based fueling, usage-based insurance, remote diagnostics and parking payments.

Key Trends in Connected Cars and Vehicle Data

Since the introduction of the first embedded telematics systems in the

mid-1990s,

OEMs have gradually added data systems and connectivity features to their vehicles and have offered drivers a growing variety of data- driven products and services. Technological advancements in recent years have increased the volume and quality of the data captured by vehicles. The value of this new data opened opportunities for OEMs to integrate more sensors and connectivity features, resulting in expanded offerings to drivers and a more diverse portfolio of

in-vehicle

and remote data-driven services.

Vehicles are now able to generate, monitor and share many types of data, including geolocation, performance and driver behavior. As OEMs continue to develop application-based tools to monitor key maintenance statistics, uses for vehicle health data and operational functionality are expanding. While the use of advanced biometric data is still in its infancy, new sensors in the cockpit can allow vehicles to monitor key attributes of their occupants, including stress levels, heart rhythms, alcohol consumption levels and fatigue.

The growth of connectivity in vehicles has increased the demand for data-driven products and services, and provides for ample data utilization opportunities, which expand with every customer who integrates into the connected car ecosystem. Vehicles with greater connectivity levels also generate higher value per vehicle. According to the McKinsey Center for Future Mobility, vehicle connectivity levels (as defined herein) are projected to reach 850 million vehicles by 2030. The growing data availability leads to an increasing market size as well as to an increased importance of vehicle data marketplaces that facilitate data exchange.

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According to the McKinsey Center for Future Mobility, vehicle connectivity can be classified into five levels based on the

in-car

experience of car riders:

(1)

General hardware connectivity—

driver tracks basic vehicle usage and monitors technical status;

(2)

Individual connectivity—

driver uses personal profile to access digital services via external digital ecosystems and platforms;

(3)

Preference-based personalization—

allows for personalized controls, individual infotainment content, and targeted contextual advertising for all vehicle occupants;

(4)

Multi-model live dialogue—

all occupants interact live with the vehicle and receive proactive recommendations on services and functions; and

(5)

Virtual chauffeur—

all occupants’ explicit and unstated needs are fulfilled by cognitive artificial intelligence that predicts and performs complex, unprogrammed tasks.

According to the McKinsey Center for Future Mobility, by 2030, more than 10% of new vehicles sold globally are expected to include the most advanced connectivity level and approximately 95% are expected to include at least the basic level of general hardware connectivity. The greater the connectivity, the more seamless a rider’s experience becomes, and the more opportunities for generating data-based revenue are created. User expectations will continue to evolve in parallel with available technology and will incentivize OEMs and service providers to deliver higher-value, data-driven user experiences.

Regulatory developments in recent years are also expected to contribute to the expanding vehicle data ecosystem. By introducing new concepts that promote greater and more equal access to OEM data, regulators have been creating a favorable environment for data utilization. Examples include the “extended vehicle” concept which is being strengthened by the obligations imposed on OEMs under Regulation (EU) 2018/858 and the Massachusetts Right to Repair Act extending to vehicle data. See “ —Regulation.”

Vehicle data marketplaces are expected to also benefit from autonomous vehicles (“AVs”), which, while still early in their development and adoption, are rapidly advancing. Companies developing AVs, or autonomous driving systems, rely on highly customized, real-world, real-time and historical vehicle data to develop and deploy autonomous driving systems. As AVs are increasingly adopted, OEMs and vehicle fleet operators will require extensive and reliable data platforms to efficiently manage the data requirements of AVs and AV fleets, and to ensure their safe and efficient operation.

Market Opportunity

•

Growing ecosystem and data pool

. There are dozens of potential customer groups and thousands of potential data consumers for vehicle data utilization. These include product-related players, such as OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers, vehicle-related service providers, such as fleet operators, and other organizations in the extended ecosystem, such as smart cities, insurance companies and telecom operators. Overall, Otonomo believes many customer groups will join the ecosystem and expand their usage of external vehicle data. A growing number of service providers actively use external vehicle data, and Otonomo believes that the number of service providers using such data is likely to continue to increase moving forward. As 4G/5G mobile network ubiquity increases, the volume of data and parameters being sent from vehicles to OEM clouds is growing exponentially. According to the McKinsey Center for Future Mobility, the total value pool from car generated data is projected to increase to $120 billion to $160 billion by 2025 and to $250 billion to $400 billion by 2030.

•

Unique technological needs and high onboarding costs for data providers.

The increasing volume and scope of vehicle data requires data providers to integrate complex data processing, cleaning,

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accounting, consent, multiple APIs and data structuring technologies. OEMs often lack the capabilities to implement these technologies and do not have the desire to develop them internally due to the substantial investments required for building and maintaining the data infrastructure. Tapping into the vast potential of data utilization also requires data providers to individually contract and integrate with multiple data consumers, which results in high marginal costs per each new data consumer acquired. Onboarding each new consumer also requires the involvement of multiple organizational functions, such as IT, legal and procurement. The onboarding process is often too expensive to justify the investment for data providers, especially when data consumers are small or

medium-sized

businesses. Without significant reduction of onboarding costs, the ability of data providers to efficiently scale their utilization efforts is limited.

•

Technological and cost constraints on data consumers.

Lack of consistent formats or data standards across OEMs, or even across different models manufactured by the same OEM, requires data consumers to work with multiple stakeholders in different data formats and on different APIs. In addition, contracting with multiple OEMs involves conducting lengthy and costly negotiation and integration efforts by legal, privacy and technology resources with multiple parties. For some use cases, data consumers require certain levels of vehicle coverage in a specific area (e.g., smart city applications may need at least 2% coverage) and contracting OEMs directly would not be sufficient for their needs.

•

Regulatory-driven opportunities.

Recent developments in regulation of vehicle data and connected cars, such as Regulation (EU) 2018/858 requiring OEMs to share connected car data with third parties, as well as emerging industry standards (such as NEVADA Share & Secure, which are intended to enable the secure transmission of data generated in the vehicle and make it usable for public authorities and industry), promote open access to vehicle data and neutrality, while also challenging OEMs by requiring them to supply the scale and ability to technically and legally align with the hundreds of service providers seeking access to vehicle data. With the removal of barriers to vehicle data accessibility, more organizations will be able to access and utilize vehicle data, and more data-driven services are expected to become available.

•

Compliance challenges.

Data providers collecting, processing or sharing vehicle data must ensure that their collection, processing and use of vehicle data is compliant with personal data protection regulations, such as GDPR and CCPA, which often require prior consent. While free, informed and specific consents may be required from every vehicle user whose personal data is collected, obtaining compliant consents from drivers and passengers not related to the vehicle’s legal owner involves practical concerns for OEMs. The need for explicit consent for sharing data with separate service providers requires OEMs to provide advanced consent flows and consent management capabilities that can be seamlessly integrated. It has proven to be challenging for the OEMs to manage data compliance on very large scale with no consent management standards available.

Advantages of vehicle data marketplaces

Existing platforms for consuming vehicle data are limited and inefficient. For example,

on-board

diagnostics (“OBD II”) aftermarket dongles, which are commonly used by TSPs in order to perform fleet and vehicle tracking, only provide selected data points and no data streaming. OBD II onboard devices require separate installation in every vehicle and their use may be further limited in the future due to regulatory changes. Furthermore, OBD II onboard devices may be easily vandalized and removed. Smartphone data is used by many data consumers to monitor vehicle usage, but the data it provides is limited and subject to manipulation and inaccuracy.

Vehicle data marketplaces:

•

allow data providers and consumers to efficiently outsource consent management, data processing and data structuring, allowing them to benefit from vehicle data while remaining focused on their core business;

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•

present significant cost reductions for data providers that only need to integrate with one partner instead of multiple data consumers;

•

present significant cost reductions for data consumers by allowing them to work with one integration partner. This provides data consumers with data in a structured and usable format, instead of dealing with the challenges of contracting multiple OEMs and managing multiple stakeholders and formats;

•

facilitate use cases of aggregate data that require certain coverage levels;

•

eliminate reliance on OBD II aftermarket devices in favor of data marketplaces that provide the same data and other data points continuously and in a more user-friendly format; and

•

ensure data quality and accuracy for data consumers by replacing smartphone data with more sanitized data, thereby lowering risk of fraud and inaccuracy.

The Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform

A connected car may generate up to 25 gigabytes of data per hour. As it is produced, most of this data leaves the car via

in-vehicle

cellular devices. The data is initially stored in data centers or cloud platforms owned by OEMs, and in some cases by Tier-1 suppliers or the third parties which own the OBD II onboard devices installed after vehicle purchase.

Due to the lack of consistent connected car data formats or standards, connected car data must undergo additional processing before it can be useful for applications and services. Otonomo’s platform aggregates and normalizes data from multiple OEMs and other data providers and processes the data to make it usable and valuable to data providers and data consumers as shown in the diagram below.

Otonomo API and Delivery Methods

Otonomo provides a rich, flexible API to serve the unique needs of diverse applications and services. Different data use cases may require different data delivery types. For example, an emergency car service may require real-time data when an accident takes place. On the other hand, usage-based insurance may pull a car’s odometer once a week. Lastly, a data analytics company might opt for historical car data to understand traffic trends.

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Otonomo provides different data delivery methods to cater to these different use case requirements:

•

Historical data reports

: CSV reports contain historical, aggregated vehicle data. Historical data reports are triggered by a RESTful API call with parameters that define a region (e.g., city), and time span for the report. Report generation may take minutes or hours to complete. Several historical reports exist for different data types (e.g., vehicle data points and vehicle trips).

•

Vehicle status

: A near-real time RESTful API returns the last known status of a specific vehicle.

Vehicle data information is used by personal driver applications, such as fueling and parking. Additionally, Otonomo provides bulk vehicle status for receiving the last known status of one or more vehicles. This interface can be particularly useful for fleets.

•

Streaming

: This is a “push” mechanism that continuously streams real-time data to data consumers.

Streaming uses HTTP POST requests and can send both aggregate and personal vehicle data. A stream is created upon subscribing. Stream subscription defines one or more data filters such as desired vehicle area (i.e., city), and maximal point latency. Streaming is optimal for applications that require real-time, rich vehicle data.

•

Events

: An event is defined by a logical rule on a vehicle data point. When a rule is evaluated to be true, an event message is triggered and sent to the data consumer. For example, an event message would be sent to the data consumer through a fueling application whenever a vehicle travels in a certain radius from a gas station while below the 10% fuel level. Events receive the data they need in real-time, enabling applications to save processing power and network bandwidth. Events can be used for both personal and aggregated data. This capability is currently under development.

Otonomo Dynamic Blurring Engine

The Otonomo Dynamic Blurring Engine is a SaaS capability that protects personal data by using sophisticated blurring techniques to blur personal data while preserving the data’s value for a diverse range of mobility and other applications and services. These services may include assisting smart cities with traffic management and HD mapping, road safety, parking and media research.

Otonomo Consent Management Hub

The Otonomo Consent Management Hub is an integral element of the Otonomo Vehicle Data Platform and provides an efficient way for connected car drivers to take control over the sharing of their vehicle data by providing a networked architecture to simplify setup and integration and deliver high scalability for automotive OEMs and service providers.

As the transportation ecosystem advances its use of vehicle data, the information flows around driver consent can become complex. For example,

in-vehicle

delivery from retailers may require drivers to provide consent to both the retailer and a third-party courier service. With the Otonomo Consent Management Hub, each party has a single integration point through which they can validate driver consent and deliver the approved personal data to other parties in the ecosystem. OEMs also do not need to direct